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Notes –
Chapter 4
What is
Climate?


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Greenhouse
effect
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Biotic and
Abiotic
Factors

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Interactions in
a Community

Ecological
Succession

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Climate is average year after year conditions of a region
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The energy coming from the sun drives the weather system
and determines the climate
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These gases let sunlight in the atmosphere and retain heat
energy, helping regulate earths temperature
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The equator and surrounding areas are in direct sunlight
most of the year
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This creates three main climates: polar, temperate, and
tropical
Because of the uneven heating there is a wind system
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Similar occurrences happen with water and ocean currents
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Ecosystems are influenced by a set of factors that determine
survival and growth of organisms and productivity of
ecosystems
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All nonliving factors in the ecosystem are abiotic factors
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The niche of an organism is
greatly affected by the biotic and abiotic factors
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Organisms are constantly interacting in a community
Organisms compete for the same resource
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Symbiosis is a close relationship between to organisms
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Ecological succession is when an environment commences
in a series of predictable changes do to disturbances in the
environment
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One example
is after a volcanic eruption
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One example
is after a forest fire
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A biome is a complex of communities that cover a wide area
characterized by soil and climate conditions
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A microclimate is a climate that differs from the
surrounding climates
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While most organisms in a biome are very similar there are
variations depending on smaller factors
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There are land Areas that are not categorized by the major
biomes
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Many of earth’s ecosystems are underwater
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There are two main types of freshwater ecosystems:
Flowing water and standing water
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Many of these start uphill and spring from underground and
wash down sediments which plants can establish
themselves in
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A freshwater wetland (bog, marsh, or swamp) either covers
soil or is present or near the top of soil
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Some are wet
year round while others are not
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In the Chesapeake bay plants have adapted to
photosynthesize underwater
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The Chesapeake bay is home to over 3600 species and is a
spawning ground and nursery for many of them
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Coastal wetlands are called mangrove swamps and are
around Florida and Hawaii and are home to many salt
tolerate plants
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They are also divided into zones based on depth
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In the coastal ocean the ecosystem is completely submerged
100% of the time, and they are still shallow enough to get
light and be able to photosynthesize
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Coral reefs are in warm shallow water in tropical regions
and composed of the calcium coral structures
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The Benthic zone is entirely dark and compromised of
organisms that do not move very much feeding mainly on
nutrients that flout down
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