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Title: Biology Exam Review
Description: These are first year general bio notes. Very in depth and easy to read and understand.
Description: These are first year general bio notes. Very in depth and easy to read and understand.
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Biology Exam Review:
Exam 1
Chapter 1:
1
...
”
Common Characteristics of Organisms:
● Acquire and use materials for energy
● Actively maintain organized complexity
● Perceive and respond to stimuli
● Grow
● Reproduce
● Have the capacity to evolve, collectively
*The cell is the basic unit of life
...
It encloses a variety of structures and chemicals in a fluid environment
...
Materials and energy are required for organisms to maintain organization, to
grow, and to reproduce
...
Organisms use energy to continuously sustain themselves
...
Photosynthesis plants and singlecelled organisms capture sunlight
...
Consuming energy rich molecules in the bodies of other organisms
...
Cells pump chemicals in and out for appropriate chemical reactions to occur
...
*Organisms perceive and respond to stimuli
...
Sensory organs in animals detect light, sound, chemicals, etc
...
Plants and bacteria respond to stimuli by plants growing towards the light, and
bacteria move toward available nutrients
...
Every organism becomes larger over time
...
Bacteria grow by enlarging their cells
...
Growth involves the conversion of acquired materials to molecules of the
organism's body
...
Organisms reproduce by dividing in half producing, eggs, seeds, bearing live
young, and laying eggs
...
The parents genetic material (DNA) is passed onto the offspring
...
Populations:
Groups of the same organisms living in the same area
...
3 Natural Processes that underlie evolution:
1
...
2
...
3
...
Mutations: (original source in the differences in DNA)
Occurs when changes in the genes are mistakenly copied
...
*Some mutations are inherited
...
● A decrease in the ability of the organism to function
...
● An increase in the organism's ability to survive and reproduce
...
Adaptions:
Structures or behaviors that aid in survival and reproduction
...
Example
: Dinosaurs
Extinction:
The complete elimination of a particular species
...
*Humans are responsible for the acceleration of extinction
...
Levels of Biodiversity
(SmallestLargest)
Atom
The smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element
...
Cell
The smallest unit of life
...
Organ
A structure usually composed of several tissue types that form a functional unit
...
MultiCellular Organism
An individual living thing composed of many cells
...
Species
All organisms that are similar enough to interbreed
...
Ecosystem
A community together with its nonliving surroundings
...
*All matter is formed of elements
...
Bacteria (single simple cells)
2
...
Eukarya (four subdivisions or kingdoms)
● Fungi
● Plantae
● Animalia
● Protists
3 Characteristics that classify an organisms into a kingdom:
1
...
Complex)
2
...
(Unicellular vs
...
Energy acquisition
...
Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Cell Number: Multicellular (except protists, they can be unicellular and multicellular
...
Examples:
● Plasma membrane surrounding the cell
...
● Contain DNA, the heredity material
...
● Contain a variety of organelles, including a *nucleus
...
● EXTREMELY complex
...
● They lack organelles enclosed by a membrane
...
● Found in the domains Bacteria and Archaea
...
Autotrophs
*selffeeding
Photosynthetic organisms that capture sunlight and store it in sugar and fats
...
Heterotrophs
*otherfeeding
*Ingest molecules from other organisms for energy
...
Genus
Includes many different species with similar characteristics
...
Scientific Method:
1
...
Question
3
...
Prediction
5
...
Conclusion
Scientific Theory
General and reliable explanation of important natural phenomena
that has been developed through extensive observations and experiments
...
Alexander Flemming
Discovered *Penicillium by growing bacteria in cultures
...
Chapter 31:
Homeostasis and the Organization of the Animal Body
ICF
Intracellular fluid
ECF
Extracellular fluid
*Cells are bathed in a liquid called interstitial fluid
...
*Continuous supplies of highenergy molecules (primarily O2, are required to carry out
the reactions that generate ATP)
...
Endotherms
(warmblooded) generate most of their heat through metabolic reactions
...
Negative Feedback Systems:
Counteract the effects of changes in the internal environment
...
*There is always a return of the system to its original
condition
...
A control center
compares that condition to a desired state called the “set point”
...
Example of Negative Feedback: Heating your home
...
Positive Feedback Systems:
These drive rapid, selflimiting changes, such as those that occur when a mother gives
birth
...
*Positive feedback is relatively rare in biological systems, but occurs during childbirth
...
Doing this by using simple hierarchy structures:
Cells, Tissues, Organs, & Organ Systems
...
Epithelial Tissue covers the body, lines its cavities, and forms glands
...
Connective Tissue have diverse structures and functions
...
● Dense Connective Tissue packed with collagen fibers; in tendons and
ligaments
...
3
...
3 Types of Muscle Tissue:
● Skeletal Muscle stimulated by nervous system; under *voluntary control
...
● Smooth Muscle found throughout the body; digestive and respiratory
tracts, uterus, bladder, and larger blood vessels
...
4
...
Makes up
the brain, spinal cord, and nerves in all body parts
...
Glands
Cells or groups of cells specialized to secrete large quantities of substances,
such as hormones or digestive enzymes outside the cell
...
2 Categories of Glands:
1
...
2
...
*Do not
have ducts
...
Hormones
Chemicals that are produced in small quantities and are transported in the
bloodstream to regulate the activity of other cells
...
female)
Chapter 32:
Circulation
All Circulatory Systems Have 3 Parts:
1
...
2
...
3
...
2 Types of Circulatory Systems Found in Animals:
1
...
)
*Open Circulatory Systems include: One or more simple hearts, some blood vessels,
and a series of interconnected spaces within the body called a
hemocoel
...
2
...
*Better able to direct blood to specific tissues as needed
...
*This system is very efficient at delivering oxygen
and nutrients
...
Functions of the Closed Circulatory System:
● Help regulate body temperature
...
(blood clotting)
● Protect body from disease by circulating white blood cells and antibiotics
...
*Chambers (called ) collect blood
...
The ventricles contractions circulate blood through the lungs and to the rest of
the body
...
*This consists of
right atrium,
right ventricle, left atrium and left ventricle
...
STEPS for Right Heart:
*The RIGHT atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the two largest
veins
...
*After the right atrium fills with blood it contracts, forcing blood into the right ventricle
...
*The “LEFT HEART” deals with oxygenated blood
...
*A strong contraction of the LEFT ventricle, (the heart’s most muscular chamber, sends
the oxygenated blood out of the
LARGEST artery the Aorta
, and to the rest of the
body
...
Semilunar Valves
allow blood to enter the pulmonary artery and the aorta when the
ventricles contract, but *prevent blood from returning as the ventricles relax
...
Diastole
Relaxation
Blood Pressure
consists of two measurements:
1
...
2
...
Hypertension
caused by the constriction of small arteries, which causes resistance to
blood flow and strain on the heart
...
Plasma is 5560% of the blood volume
...
Red blood cells, white blood cells, & platelets are suspended in the plasma
...
*Which transports oxygen to the
blood
...
A
rteries and erioles carry blood AY
A
t
A from the heart
...
Capillaries
allow exchange of nutrients and wastes
...
● Returns excess ECF to the bloodstream
● Transports fats from the small intestine to the bloodstream
● Filters aged blood cells and other debris from the blood
...
Lymphatic System Includes:
● Bone marrow
● Thymus
● Tonsils
● Lymph
● Spleen
Title: Biology Exam Review
Description: These are first year general bio notes. Very in depth and easy to read and understand.
Description: These are first year general bio notes. Very in depth and easy to read and understand.