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Title: Genetic control of protein structure and function
Description: AQA Biology notes looking at the control of protein structure and function as well as summarising RNA and DNA
Description: AQA Biology notes looking at the control of protein structure and function as well as summarising RNA and DNA
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Genetic control of protein structure and function
Genetic code:- the sequence of nucleotides in DNA forms a code that determines the sequence of
amino acids in the proteins of an organism
...
The code reaches the cytoplasm by the RNA – ribonucleic acid
...
-The code is degenerate- most amino acids have more than one codon
...
-Code is non-overlapping
-It is universal
Ribonucleic acid RNA:- polymer which forms a single strand
...
Messenger RNA:- mRNA
:- long strand with thousands of nucleotide
:- arranged as a single nucleotide
:- manufactured as a mirror copy of part of one of the DNA strands in the nucleus
:-once formed it leaves the nucleus via pores in the nuclear envelope where it then
associates with ribosomes in the cytoplasm
...
:-easily broken down after use
...
Relatively small molecule
2
...
Single stranded chain folded into a clover leaf shape
4
...
This is the point of attachment of the amino acid
6
...
At the opposite end of the tRNA molecule is a sequence of three other bases, known as the
anticodon
Role of tRNA
During protein synthesis the anticodon pairs with 3 complimentary bases that make the codon on
the mRNA molecule
...
RNA
Single polynucleotide chain
Three basic forms t, m, r
Molecular mass is less
Bases are A, U, G, C
Ribose sugar
Found in the nucleus and cytoplasm
Maybe unstable
May only last a short amount of time
DNA
Double polynucleotide chain
One form only
Molecular mass is more
Bases are A,T,G,C
Dioxyribose sugar
Found in the nucleus only
Chemically stable
Exists permanently
Polypeptide synthesis – transcription and splicing
DNA provides the instructions – a long sequence of nucleotides and bases they possess
...
Introns do not code for polypeptides and exons
do
...
Commonly they are catalysed by a spliceosome (a complex
protein unit) but this can vary
...
In certain disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease it is the result of splicing failures that leads to nonfunctional proteins
...
DNA helicase is also an enzyme which breaks the hydrogen bonds between the base pairings
...
Title: Genetic control of protein structure and function
Description: AQA Biology notes looking at the control of protein structure and function as well as summarising RNA and DNA
Description: AQA Biology notes looking at the control of protein structure and function as well as summarising RNA and DNA