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Methodology

The methodology chapter of the research intends to discuss the research methods used, to
acquire appropriate information and achieve the aim
...
A methodology
clarifies the way in which the researcher is going to conduct their research, and gives
rationalisation for the methods used (Jonker & Bartjan 2010), and therefore will propose
reasons as to why the researcher wishes to use only secondary research
...

Choice of Research Design
Sharp Et al (2002, p
...
seeking through methodical processes to add to one’s own body of knowledge and,
hopefully, to that of others, by the discovery of nontrivial facts and insights”
Methodical processes will be used to acquire such facts and other relevant information to
educate the researcher, resulting in the aim anticipated being achieved
...
This is clarified by Kelly (2011) as in some cases primary
research may prove inappropriate if there is a substantial amount of secondary research
carried out on a specific topic area
...
Gathering secondary research (both qualitative and quantitative data) will enable
the researcher to assess and provide recommendations for further research that may to be
looked into around the area if any unaddressed gaps were to arise
...
With minimal funding available, using secondary research
would most certainly benefit the researcher, providing an adequate amount of practical
sources are used
...
The researcher is aware of this, therefore only relevant
research will be used, accessed from various sources such as books and the internet
(primarily government and statistical websites), however a majority of the research will be
accessed from journal articles due to their reliability and objective contents (Walsh &
Wigens, 2003)
...

Using secondary research that is relatively new, will result in the data found being more valid
and reliable in terms of representing contemporary issues, thus achieving the aim
...
Also, due to the low number of male staff within the early years workforce, it
will prove difficult to gain information from such tools as questionnaires, observations and
interviews and generalise the sample to the population (potentially resulting in invalid
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results), with the amount of time, funding and resources available
...
It refers to
the ability to generalise the results to the target population, gained from the study to those
individuals who were not involved in the research
...
This will ensure that the chances of vital groups and
qualities being included in the sample elevate
...

Conversely, when carrying out primary research ethical issues must be considered, ensuring
that the participant(s) is/are not being deceived, harmed (both physically and mentally) or
humiliated (Chall 2001)
...
Subsequently, the use
of secondary research will eliminate risks of individuals/participants feeling humiliated by
the researcher, and still allow valid, accurate and reliable results to be obtained
...
22) voiced that,
“For any investigation, the selection of an appropriate research design is crucial in
enabling you to arrive to valid findings, comparisons and conclusions”

It is essential to plan and make a decision of which research is to be used – enabling the
researcher to probe deep and acquire adequate results to assist their investigation (Cohen et
al, 2007)
...

Assessment Schematic

Explanation

What are the key words in the title?

Does the title of the source have relevance to the
aim: For example: Men in childcare, gender, pay,
abuse stigma, masculinity, early years, barriers,
parents
...


How reliable is the research?

Is the research conducted by a knowledgeable
author, and published from a trustworthy source
...


Can the study be generalised?

Are the findings of the study and the sample used
a representative of the population?

Table 1 – Assessment Schematic
4  
 

Examining the titles of each article for key words that were relevant to the researchers aim,
enabled the researcher to save time and eliminate those articles that were not applicable from
inclusion
...
This prevents the researcher from reading vast amounts of
research that may have minimal relevance, and leaving those that appear to assist the
investigation
...
Journal articles and other
research is found from the internet and other reliable sources such as; Mintel, Emerald and
Sage
...


Sample
The term sample is defined by Thomas (2009) as “
...
Consequently, the samples used for secondary research are chosen in
terms of their validity and reliability, and is encouraged by De Vaus (2002), who believes
selecting the right sample within research is critical as it must represent and mirror the whole
effectively
...
Although the topic being researched has been somewhat
of an issue within childcare for quite some time, it was felt that using more up-to-date
secondary research can portray contemporary society more effectively, opposed to older
research
...
Saunders et al (2006 p
...

Consequently, when a useful piece of research is discovered via use of the Assessment
Schematic (Table 1), the authors’ references were scrutinised to extend and broaden the
research
...

Issue

Reason for inclusion

Reason for exclusion

Year Published

The researcher selected
professional journal articles that
were published within the past 10
years, and were interpreted as
relevant
...
However, articles
prior to this used to contrast
between past and contemporary
issues
...
Also, those
articles that did not have an
adequate relation to the aim were
not included
...


Any none government website as
the information supplied on some
websites may be inaccurate, and
is not considered to be academic
...
Also, books that
have been published in the UK
(Other countries will only be used
to provide definitions of specific

Books that were not published
within the past 10/11 years were
not included within the research,
due to there being new
terminology and legal
requirements (for example
Criminal Record Bureau)
...


published to update its contents
...

The triangulation method was also used as a sampling method (Figure 1), to increase the
validity and reliability and standard of research, as two or more research methods are applied
...
263) put forward that; “Such approach adds rigour, richness and
depth to the research design and the data collected”
...
This method proved most useful for the researcher, as
not only did it ensure maximum validity of the research, it also identified any existing gaps
within research, and exposed differences in terms of authors’ views and opinions
...
Additionally, techniques and methods of acquiring such research is included, showing
the methods used by the researcher to gather research and create a sample
...


Literature Review

Feminine Work
Simpson (2010) reported findings from an interview conducted on childcare professionals,
where they were encouraged to express their professionalism, passion for their job and what
their job entails
...

The idea of portraying such behaviour and emotion within work may deter males from
choosing a career in child care, as emotive work is often associated with femininity and is
seen as being natural to them, hence why females dominate this area of work
...

Muhlau (2011) demonstrates findings from a survey comparing jobs and job quality of men
and women in 2004
...
Jones (2009) elaborates as reports indicate that males generally have job
satisfaction from those jobs that require skill, and require large amounts of training
...
The words
care/emotion could possibly cloud a male’s perspective and essentially create this
assumption, as Payne (2009) points out that emotional work is often perceived as being
unskilled, and that there is a lack of understanding in regards to the job complexity
...
Hallam (2009) produced results from research conducted by
the Department for Education and Skilled (DfES) given to 172 schools in the UK, whereby
90% believed it to be a successful programme and can be extremely beneficial to children
when taught correctly
...
However Lee’s (2004) study based on the expression of emotion in both
males and females, proved that there was a diminutive difference and both sexes displayed
emotion regularly
...

This may suggest that the stereotypical view of men is not generalised or according to Lee
(2004), reality
...

Alongside the ‘feminine’ traits and emotions associated with those who work within child
care settings, Rolfe (2006) argues that some job titles are also geared towards the work of

9  
 

women, therefore suggesting this as being another key reason why men are reluctant to enter
this field of work
...
632 para 5) stated that “The terms ‘nursery nurse’ and ‘nanny” conspire
against more men moving into early years work”
...

In Belgium, the Flemish government faced similar problems and launched a campaign and
aimed to attract more men into childcare
...
The shift of job titles
would create more of a gender neutral title, aimed at recruiting both genders and not act as a
solid barrier for men, and as a result increase the male workforce
...
Addis & Mahalik (2003) expands on
this, and explains that not all males are the same but may act a certain way that is encouraged
by society
...
Ryle (2012, p
...

10  
 

Howson (2008) believes that society encourages men to behave and express their masculinity
in such a way that is seen as the ‘norm’, and show dominance over subordinates
...

Demetriou (2001) alleged that there is great pressure for males to display behaviours
associated with hegemonic masculinity, because failure to do so and displaying other
behaviour poses risks of males being portrayed as gay or feminine
...
On the other hand, this may be due to the
differentiation of job titles, as “teacher” bares both male and female connotations as opposed
to those used within early years
...
Whilst some children discover
alternative ways to behave in a masculine manner, many fear that if other behaviours are
shown then they are at risk of bullying and name calling, and may hold the thought with them
throughout life (Renold, 2010)
...
Stibbe (2004)
discussed findings from an investigation whereby men’s health magazines were analysed to
discover whether they influenced hegemonic behaviour in males, results show that in(cut) all
six issues of the magazine investigated, all of them(cut) promote negative behaviours and
hegemonic masculinity
...

Anderson & Taylor (2008) explains an experiment that was carried out by Ashe to explain
conformity, whereby a group of 123 male students and confederates were asked a question
...
The results
from this experiment may indicate that conformity had taken place due to fear of being of
wrong, judged and furthermore, ridiculed
...

However, Fard (2010) carried out a similar experiment using 30 males and 30 females and
found similar results
...
This may explain why women dominate the profession (Guy &
Newman, 2004), as they are conforming to society and portraying their ‘caring’ and
‘mothering’ role
...

Donaldson (2009) elaborates as(cut)
...
(Needs to be explained a little
more
...
Maybe something like: show their masculinity to others and
present their pride to those around)

Pay
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One reason in particular as to why males are not common in the early years sector, may be
due to the low salaries they receive, as England et al (2002) points out that child care (one or
two words?) work pays less than many other occupations
...

Or maybe this
...

Therefore, because of this, these jobs may be considered less important and thus may prevent
males from pursuing such a career
...

Purdy (2009) studied why there were so few males wishing to enter the teaching profession,
and particularly the special education sector
...
Parker – Rees & Willan (2006) expands on this point due to the belief that
traditionally the male of a household is seen to be the breadwinner, and the sole provider for
their family and children
...

Nursing is considered to be a well paid career and faced similar problems of there being a
lack of males in the profession (Johnson, 2008) (need to reword this sentence), and so
13  
 

Boughn (2001) declared findings from interviews carried out on males nurses discussing their
motivators within work
...
and found that (cut) a secure job along with good
pay made them interested in nursing
...
On the other hand the
amount of males in nursing has increased enormously in recent years (Loughrey 2008)
...
This therefore suggests that the pay of the job has an impact on males when wishing to
enter jobs such as these
...
07 - £7
...
63 - £11
...
With this in mind, on 17th June 2010 Deputy
Prime Minister and Liberal Democrat Leader Nick Clegg, announced (Liberal Democrats
2010, para 25)
...
That’s not good
enough”
...

TUC (2008) states that in Norway, men make up 8
...
This is due to the pay and status of childcare workers being
more similar to those of sectors of childcare and education such as teachers
...

so will the presence of men within the workforce
...

The salary of a school teacher is nearly twice as much as those who work in childcare
settings, and continues to increase along with the age range and level of qualifications needed

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for example (cut)
...
BBC (2011) elaborates on this
as 75% of government funded primary schools have male teachers
...

Ryan (2009 para 24) interviewed Wise (2009) within a practice setting and stated “I’ll never
be rich but I didn’t do it for the love of money”
...

Ryan (2009) also revealed that in more current years, research suggests that parents of young
children now want more men to work within nurseries and other childcare settings
...
Davis (2011) discovered that 98% of parents from major
nurseries were all in favour or (is this meant to be for?) men caring for their children ages
three to five
...
Despite this Role et al (2003) reveals that men
working with children often report that their motives are questioned and are suspected of
having perverse intentions
...


Abuse Stigma

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(before going into this
...
Subsequently, these reported cases may
shape societies views and perceptions of abusers and encourage them to feel that all abusers
are men
...
On the other hand, there are reports to suggest that a
majority of cases have been concerned with males as the abusers, and cases by women and
mothers is very rarely reported, it is not as rare as some may believe
...

Subsequently, Taylor (2000) feels that investigations of abuse should be carried out on all
members of staff, and men should not be screened out automatically to avoid accusations of
them being stereotyped
...
These responsibilities that
are essential within the practice, create great risks of abuse for children and so extra
precautions should be taking according to Jones (2004)
...

In 2001 a high proportion of those involved in cases such as child abuse or neglect have been
males (Scourfield 2001), and until recent years, “
...
The absence of criminal
records being shown to employers poses great risks for children, as there is a chance their
carer may be an abuser
...
(Re word this sentence
...
An attempt has been made
to put parents
...
Having CRB checks in place may deter men from being fearful of abuse accusations,
(is this meant to be a double negative?) due to their records being given to employers, and
any feelings of doubt about their behaviour with children being removed based upon their
CRB
...
Kassem et al (2002,
p92) states that the CRB
“
...

The CRB cannot access individuals’ thoughts and intentions, it merely provides past
information and sometimes may not leave room for ‘mistakes’ made (cut)
...


17  
 

Analysis
Rosenwasser & Stephen (2009) puts forward that an;
“Analysis finds questions where there seemed not to be any, and it makes connections that
might not have been evident at first”
...
The researcher will critique, evaluate and analyse these findings,
consisting of the apparent barriers affecting males entering childcare; femininity, masculinity,
pay and abuse stigma
...

However, Logue & Harvey (2009) discuss a range of other behaviours which are exercised
by childcare workers; such as physical play which involves both the worker and the child,

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and also physical strength, as in some cases a child may need lifting in the event of an
accident
...
Simpson’s (2010)
study fails to identify terms such as ‘tiring’ and ‘hard working’ which are also results of
working with children, as Smith (2008) suggested that children are hard to manage and
workers can become exhausted
...
This poses the question as to why
men encompass this view, and furthermore diminish childcare as a career option as few skills
are required
...
Subsequently, results signified strong levels of job
satisfaction as a result of this
...
This is
supported by Gupta & Simonsen (2009) who reports that child care (one or two words?)
workers are required to display their skills and have sufficient qualifications upon entering
the profession
...

Amongst the clouding of skills and qualifications that a childcare worker displays, Muhlau
(2011) discovered that men wish to enter professions where there are opportunities for
promotion
...

Evidently, this career option leaves little room for promotion as Carroll et al (2009) revealed
that there are problems with recruitment and promotion within childcare and early years and
as a consequence leads to an ongoing case of staff turnover
...
In the
United Kingdom, in particular, Chan found that men have a 1:4 chance of receiving a
promotion to those such as manager or head teacher, opposed to woman whose ratio is 1:13
...
Therefore, these promotion
opportunities may not be a barrier but again the lack of understanding and knowledge around
the job
...
However, this may not be the case, as it may be that men climb to the top of the career
ladder taking managerial roles, and so females may be the subordinate worker (Thornton &
Bricheno, 2009)
...
If men were aware of the opportunities for
promotion and understood the job thoroughly, then it may be the case that more men would
consider childcare as a career option
...
Evidently, this cannot
be generalised for all males due to individual differences
...

It may be argued however, that there are differences in the way males and females interpret
emotions
...
Thayer & Johnsen (2001) agrees with
this and puts forward that from a study assessing emotional recognition between males and
females: “
...
In association with Williams et al (2009), this may question males’ emotional
recognition ability, and furthermore give reason as to why men are regarded as being
unemotional
...

Consequently, if this is the case, in effect, this would make teaching programmes such as
SEAL complex
...
Thurtle et al (2006) offer a strong statement, in the belief that such job titles
construct evident barriers to men entering child care, and as Rolfe (2006) points out this is
due to them being ‘strong gendered’ job titles
...
Levine (2009) discusses
jobs with masculine titles such as ‘labourer’ and ‘electrician’ and ‘firemen’
...
This may suggest that males are eager to acquire job roles with
such titles, as they demonstrate and reflect their masculinity, in contrast to those titles such as
‘nanny’ and ‘nursery nurse’ which offer little association with masculinity
...

Males in the UK may still (cut) not favour the title ‘Companion of children’, as Su et al
(2009) revealed that from a study in the UK (consisting of 503 males, 188 females and 47 job
interests), nearly all men were interested in jobs that required physical interaction, and those
jobs that are regarded as being masculine, whereas females prefer direct interaction with
people
...
In reference to these findings, using titles such as
‘companion of children’ will in effect still deter men as it is evident that masculinity is not
primarily required, and the title still bares femininity similarly to ‘nursery nurse’
...
2 % in
primary schools (BBC, 2011), in comparison to 2% of nursery nurses within early years
(Morton, 2012)
...
Therefore, as discussed in the literature, applying the
change in the UK may require the title to have gender neutral connotations for it to be
effective and abolish this barrier
...
These findings sustain Renold’s (2010) view (see pg 11) and could advocate that
society has an impact and places stereotypes on which jobs should be carried out by each
gender
...

22  
 

Connell’s theory of hegemonic masculinity is useful in terms of its approach to explain why
males feel the need to express masculinity and the pressures that society places upon them
...

Evidently, society changes over time and may have changed since the concept was introduced
in the early 1980’s (Connell & Messerschmidt, 2005)
...

In contradiction, Anderson (2010) put forward that in the current society there are reduced
amounts of homophobic attitudes and males being ridiculed for their behaviour
...
Furthermore, the fear of being ridiculed and judged
explained by Anderson & Taylor (2008) may not be as strong in the contemporary society
...
Alongside this, Meyer (2010) alleges the transformation of
cultures within schools has reduced these attitudes along with bullying
...

Furthermore, some males may seek escape from behaviours that are considered as the ‘norm’
or ‘masculine’ (Cheng, 2007), and behave differently in the eyes of society
...

However, more problems may arise for men in this profession, as demonstrating their
masculinity through both material possessions and being the breadwinner of a household can
prove difficult due to the low pay child care workers receive
...
Thebaud (2010) supports this as research carried out
across 18 different countries suggests that the role of the breadwinner is commonly
associated with males
...
This implies that both men and women are active workers and receive similar
salaries, both bringing money into the household
...

Similarly to Connell’s theory of hegemonic masculinity, the idea that males are breadwinners
within households may not be valid in the contemporary society and therefore may not
produce a barrier for men when entering the childcare profession
...
Nurses are paid considerably more than childcare
workers of an average of £22,000 per annum which is similar to teachers in the UK (NHS
Careers, 2012), compared to £14,000 per annum on average for working within childcare

24  
 

(Pay Scale 2012)
...

TUC’s (2008) findings allege that increasing the pay of childcare workers in Norway has
resulted in more than a four percent increase of men entering childcare than the UK
...
8% of males (do you mean 8
...
orrrr there is only 8
...

Conversely, a pay increase may be an effective method of alleviating the barrier as Margolis
(2008) expressed that men are motivated by money, and therefore increasing the pay may
increase the amount of men within the childcare workforce
...
This therefore
suggests that individuals may not gain job satisfaction when working in childcare due to pay
related issues, however Margolis (2008) advocates that women are more motivated by
compassion and empathy, thus the reason why females make up a majority of the workforce
...
As previously stated, 75% of
government funded schools have male teachers, however a majority of these schools are
secondary
...
It is believed that secondary schools appeal more to men because of the clear structure,

25  
 

and the wide range of opportunities to enhance skills
...

As Wise (2009) stated, money was irrelevant when choosing childcare as a career, he chose
the career because of his passion for working with children
...
Subsequently, a participant of interviews regarding how men feel about
working with children, carried out by Pullen & Simpson (2005, pg 575, para 1) stated;
“Because I am a man in early years I’m aware that I am a freak and that I’m weird and in the
wrong job”
...

Continuing to work in childcare despite all of the negative perceptions felt by these men and
low salaries they receive, suggests that similarly to Wise (2009), they feel passionately for
around (cut) this area of work
...

An education provider aimed specifically at men wishing to peruse (do you mean pursue?) a
career in childcare (Men In Childcare, 2012), also discusses how men feel when working in
the industry
...

As there are few incentives for men working in childcare in relation their pay and status, this
could perhaps be an explanation as to why their motives are often questioned as put forward
by Role et al (2003)
...
Supporting Jones (2004), Clark (2009)
believes that such behaviour is due to men feeling that they are at risk of false allegations of
child abuse
...

As discussed in the literature, society as a whole immediately accuse men, and often are in
disbelief that females carry out this crime
...
( ) supports this as in 2007,
43,755 prisoners were convicted of sexual assault/abuse on children in England and Wales,
99% of offenders were men, leaving 1% of female offenders
...

about subjectiveness, WHO is making the accusations? Police? Parents? Co-workers? What
was the circumstance of the abuse? Physical? Mental? Both? Is it a clear cut objective? Was
there any motivation of the accusers? Is there anywhere to say how many accusations were
actually made and how many were actually prosecuted? How about in the media
...
if they are in the media –
what about other countries who do not wish to report any such thing in public – detrimental)
Evidently, these statistics cannot represent all offenders as some cases are left unreported, for
example in 2009, Brown & Campbell (2010) stated that figures from Childline show that
those 25% of children calling due to sexual abuse were being abused by females
...
Also, it explains why society holds a stereotypical view that all abusers are men
...
5% of abusers were women,
and 53
...
Although research was carried out in the USA, and the
number of women abusers are not significantly higher, these statistics do not support societies
perception of a stereotypical abuser, proposing that it is not solely men that commit this
crime
...
Thus, implying that a majority of abusers are
men, however it is evident that women are also capable of such crimes in the UK
...

Johnson & Hogg (2010) allege that women are often not seen to be abusers due to their status
within society supporting Krug’s (2002) research, as women are seen as maternal and the
‘primary caregivers’ of children
...

Turton (2010) asserts that the concept of motherhood often masks abusive behaviour carried
out by women, and society simply does not want identify them as abusers
...


28  
 

Therefore, this may provide an explanation as to why cases of abuse carried out by women
are reported rarely in the media in comparison to those cases carried out by men
...

Despite this view of society, parents of young children still wish to encourage the role of
male childcare workers in their children’s settings
...
However, although an adequate sample was used, the findings may not
represent views of all parents’, as it could be the case that some are fearful of men working
with their children, and their attitudes may change when asked about their feelings upon men
working with younger children and babies
...
Attitudes such as these may deter men from entering childcare, due to the fear of
abuse accusations
...
Subsequently, this may reflect the contrasting
views of society overtime, as Reeves (2001) research may not be valid in the current society
as men are encouraged by parents to work within childcare as Rentzou’s (2011) study
discovered
...
Surrey County Council (2012) encourages the role of male workers in
childcare, and advocates that men must go through pre-employment checks such as CRB
checks and a check with the Independent Safeguarding Authority
...

As mentioned by Kassem et al (2002), CRB checks can only provide evidence of past crimes
and convictions, it cannot predict the future
...

Supporting Kassem et al (2002), BBC News (2011) reported that a man whose CRB check
was cleared, was later on convicted and found guilty of child abuse
...

Furthermore, Hunt (2012) alleged that even with CRB checks in place parents still face
paranoia, and discussed government plans to stop CRB checks
...

Conversely, it is alleged that other safeguarding methods are to be put in place; known as the
Disclosure and Barring Service (DSB) (Safeguarding Matters, 2012)
...

30  
 

The statistics provided by the Home Office (1999), and the increase of crime rates in the
present day suggests that men may have difficulties when entering childcare, as CRB checks
may prevent them from doing so
...


31  
 

Conclusion

BBC AND OTHER REFERENCE NEED TO BE INCLUDED!!!

32  
 

References
Addism M
...
(2003) Men, Masculinity, And The Contexts Of Help Seeking
...
Vol
...
1, pp
...

Anderson, E
...
Gender & Society
...
25, No
...
250 – 268
...
& Howard, T
...
Thomson
...
UK
...
(2011) One In Four Primary Schools Still Has No Male Teachers
...
bbc
...
uk/news/education-­‐14748273
...


Bell, J
...
Open University Press
...
UK
...
, Plantenga, J
...
(2012) Gender And The European Labour Market
...
http://www
...
fr/livre/notice
...
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...
(2008) Men In Nursing: Re-evaluating Masculinities, Re-evaluating Gender
...
Vol
...
2, pp
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Brown, H
...

University of Wisconsin Press
...
UK
...
& Campbell, E
...

Cambridge University Press
...
UK
...
(2001) Why Women And Men Choose Nursing
...
Vol
...
1, pp
...


33  
 

Bussey, T
...
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Carroll, M
...
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...
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Chall, L
...
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(2011) Feminising And Masculinising Primary Teaching: A Critical Examniation
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...

Vol
...
6, pp
...

Cheng, C
...

The Journal Of Men’s Studies
...
7, No
...
295 – 315
...
(2009) Parents Want More Men To Be School Teachers, Survey Shows
...
http://www
...
co
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...


Collins, H
...
AVA
...
UK
...
& Messerschmidt, J
...

Gender & Society
...
19, No
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829 – 859
...
& Bagilhole, B
...
Gender, Work & Organisation
...
9, No
...
204 – 226
...
(2011) Parents Welcome Men Into Childcare: 98% Now Happy To Let Them Work
In Nurseries
...
http://www
...
co
...
do
...


Demetriou, D
...
Theory
And Society
...
30, No
...
337 – 361
...
(2007) Chronic Child Abuse: The Characteristics And Careers Of Children
Caught In The Child Protection System
...
Vol
...
24 – 45
...
(2002) Surveys In Social Research
...
Oxon
...

http://www
...
gov
...
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...
, Budig, M
...
(2002) Wages Of Virtue: The Relative Pay Of Care
Work
...
Vol
...
4, pp
...

Donaldson, M
...
Men, Migration And Hegemonic Masculinity
...
191, No
...
210 – 217
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