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Organization, Teamwork, and Communication
Organizational culture
A firm’s shared value, beliefs, traditions, philosophies, rules and role models for behavior
Structure
The arrangement or relationship of positions within an organization
Organizational charts
A visual display of the organizational structure, lines of authority (chain of command), staff
relationships, permanent committee arrangements, and lines of communication
2 aspects of assigning tasks:
• Specialization
1
...
This system’s purpose is to build effective work environment
...
Overspecialization can brings negative effect:
Employees may become bored and dissatisfied with their jobs and can resulted as
unhappiness, poor quality work, more injures, or even high employee turnover
• Departmentalization
Departmentalization is the grouping of jobs into working units usually called departments,
units, groups, or divisions
Departmentalization divided into 4:
• Functional Departmentalization
The grouping of jobs that perform similar functional activities, such as, finance,
manufacturing, marketing, and human resources
• Product Departmentalization
The organization of jobs in relation to the products of the firm
...
However, it simplifies
decision making and helps coordinate all activities related to a product or the group
product
...
This department
has purpose which is to observe level of customer
Assigning Responsibility
Delegation of Authority
giving employees not only tasks, but also the power to make commitments, use resources,
and take whatever actions are necessary to carry out those tasks
• Responsibility
The obligation, placed on employee through delegation, o perform assigned tasks
satisfactorily and be held accountable for the proper execution of work

• Accountability
The principle that employees who accept an assignment and the authority to carry it out
are answerable to a superior for the outcome
Degree of Centralization
To extent to which authority is delegated throughout an organization determines its degree
of centralization
...

Organizational layers
The levels of management in an organization
A company with many layers of managers is considered tall, the span of management is
narrow
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Forms of Organizational Structure
• Line structure
1
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2
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They are responsible for a variety of activities and must be knowledgeable about them
all
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This structure is common in small business
• Line-and-Staff Structure
1
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Line managers can focus on their area of expertise in the operation of the business,
while staff managers provide advice and support to line departments on specialized
matters such as finance, engineering, human resources and the law
...
A structure that organizes departments into larger groups called divisions
2
...

• Matrix Structure
1
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Types of teams
1
...
Product-development teams
A specific type of project team formed to devise, design, and implement a new product
3
...
Self-directed work team (SDWT)
A group of employees responsible for an entire work process or segment that delivers a
product to an internal or external customer
• Committee
A permanent, formal group that performs a specific tasks
• Task Force
A temporary group of employees responsible for bringing about a particular change
Communicating in Organizations
Formal Communication;
• Upward communication flows
From lower to higher level of the organizations
Such as: Progress reports, suggestions for improvement, inquiries, and grievances

• Downward communication flows
The traditional flow of information from upper organizational level to lower levels
Such as:
1
...
the assignment of tasks and responsibilities,
3
...
details about the organization’s strategies and goals
5
...
policy and procedures manuals
7
...
company leaflets
9
...
job description
• Horizontal communications
Exchange of information among colleagues and peers on the same organizational level
Such as: working in tasks forces or project teams
• Diagonal communication
Individuals from different units and organizational levels communicate
Informal Communication Channels
Friendships and other nonwork social relationships across department, division, and even
management
Grapevine
An informal channel of communication, separate from management’s formal, official
communication
Monitoring Communications
Many companies require that employees sign and follow a policy on appropriate Internet
use
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Policies for proper website usage:
Model Electronic Privacy Act on the American Civil Liberties Union site
How to Improve Communication Effectiveness:
• Encourages feedback
• Improves listening skill
• Prevent interruptions



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