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ATOMS AND BONDING
IONIC BONDS:
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2 atoms with opposite charges attract

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EX: sodium and chloride (have a 1:1 ratio)

COVALENT BONDS:
-2 atoms share one or more pairs of outer shell electrons
- EX: connects 2 hydrogen atoms
Nonpolar:
-electrons are shared evenly
-both compounds will be close in electronegativity
Polar:
-pulling of shared, negatively charged electrons
-makes the atom partially negative and the other electron partially positive
ACIDS: a compound that donated a H+ (hydrogen atom) to the solution
BASES: a compound that removes an H+ from the solution
-basic solutions called alkaline
BUFFERS: a substance that minimizes changes in PH level
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Removes an H+ when there is too many, but donates an H+ when there are too few)

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EX: carbonic acid (located in the blood stream)

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EX: sodium bicarbonate( located in the pancreas)

PROPERTIES OF WATER
-the overall charge of a water molecule is polar( the bonds between hydrogen and oxygen are
polar)
-allows water to be a UNIVERSAL SOLVENT
Cohesion: the attraction of water molecules
Adhesion: the attraction of water molecules to other things

-both adhesion and cohesion allow capillary action
Capillary action: water molecules being moved up narrow tubes against the force of gravity
High specific heat: allows water to absorb large amounts of heat without heating up



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