Notesale: Turn your study into money

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Infection  prevention  and  the  role  of  the  pharmacist    
 
Terminology    
• Antiseptic  =  kills/inhibits  growth  of  organisms  on  living  surfaces    
• Disinfectant  =  Kills/inhibits  growth  on  inanimate  objects    
• Sterilization  =  killing  all  organisms  including  spores    
 
The  Health  act  2006  
• Systems  to  prevent  &  control  infections    
àMicrobiology  labs,  hand  cleaning  facilities,  decontamination  of  
instruments,  laundry,  cleaning,  audits
...
 difficile,  ward  closure  if  there  is  a  breakout  
• Healthcare  to  employees    
àWorkers  are  protected  from  infections  during  their  work,  and  that  staff  
are  educated  on  prevent  and  control  of  infection
...
 
Now…    
àLack  of  new  antimicrobials  coming  into  the  marker  
àStrains  developing  resistance  to  existing  antimicrobials    
• Reinforces  the  appropriate  use  of  antimicrobials    
àSelection  
àDose    
àRoute  
àDuration  
• Less  time  patients  spend  in  hospital  –  less  chance  of  being  infected  with  
another  microorganism  and  also  cheaper  for  the  hospital  –  less  bed  days
...
 
 
Antiseptics–  ideal  characteristics
...
 
 
Reduction  of  microorganisms  
• Chemical  –  antiseptics  and  disinfectants      
• Physical  –  heat  and  radiation  
• Mechanical  –  filtration  
 
Disinfectants–ideal  characteristics
...
 
• Chlorophores  –  strong  oxidiser,  kills  bacteria,  viruses  and  fungi
...
 
 
Iodine  and  iodophores  
• Iodine  =  Iodinates  and  oxidises  protoplasm  –  broad  spectrum,  rapid  
acting  
àBurn/blisters  is  toxic  and  can  stain    
• Iodophores  =  non  toxic,  long  lasting    
à  Used  for  burns,  cuts,  ulcers,  surgery  scrubs    
 
 
Alcohols  (60-­‐90%)  
• Used  as  disinfectants,  antiseptics  
• Broad  spec  -­‐  Not  against  spores    
• Target  bacterial  proteins    
• Often  used  on  skin  –  can  be  irritating  for  mucous  membranes    
 
Biguanides  –  chlorhexidine  -­‐  antiseptic    
• Disrupts  bacterial  cell  wall  and  denatures  proteins    
• Gram  +  
• Non  irritating    
• Widely  used  in  dentistry    
 
Hydrogen  peroxide    
• Strong  oxidiser/  disinfectant    
• Liberates  oxygen  and  that  kills  bacteria    
• Can  be  used  as  a  vapour  to  disinfect  hospitals    
• Irritant  –  especially  if  there  are  cuts  or  abrasions  on  the  skin
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