Notesale: Turn your study into money

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Chapter Two
Microprocessor Characteristics
 Instruction Set:
The set of instructions that a microprocessor can
understand
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 Capability:
It depends upon the number of instructions and
capability of each instruction
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It is also called Clock Rate
...

The faster the clock, the more instructions the CPU
can execute per second
...

The microprocessors of personal computers have
clock speeds of anywhere from 300 MHz to over
3
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 Word Length:
It depends upon the width of internal data bus,
registers, ALU etc
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Microprocessor Characteristics
 A processor with longer word length is more
powerful and can process data at a faster speed as
compared to processor with shorter word length
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 Width of Data Bus:
 This is the size of the data bus
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Chapter Two
Microprocessor Characteristics
 Width of Address Bus:
This parameter decides the memory addressing
capability of the microprocessor
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 Input / Output Addressing Capability:
 The maximum number of the input/output ports
accessed by the microprocessor depends upon the
width of the input/output address provided
 in the input/output instruction
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 Interrupt Capability:
 Interrupts are used to handle unpredictable and
random events in the microcomputer
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 Interrupt driven input/output improves the
throughput of a system
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 Because of the widespread use of microprocessors,
the volume of production is very high
...

 Size:
 The second important feature of a microprocessor is
its small size
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 Power Consumption:
Another important feature is its low power
consumption
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 Versatility:
The microprocessors are versatile
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 Reliability:
Another important property of microprocessors is its
extreme reliability
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Features of Microprocessor
 Micron
 A unit of length equal to one millionth of a meter
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 For Example:
If we pluck a hair from the head, it is very thin
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 Wires between transistors are even thinner
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 A hair is about 100 microns in diameter
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045 microns wide
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 Why do we need port?

 A port is needed because the I/O devices are
generally slower devices and their timing
characteristics do not match with processor
timings
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What is a flag?
A Flag is a flip flop used to store the
information about the status of the processor
and the status of the instruction executed
most recently
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High-level language)
Not transportable, machine specific
Programmer need to know CPU architecture
Speed
Program size
Uniqueness

Microcontroller Unit (MCU)
Block Diagram
 An integrated electronic computing and logic device that
includes three major components on a single chip
 Microprocessor
 Memory
 I/O ports

 Includes support devices
 Timers
 A/D converter
 Serial I/O
 Parallel Slave Port

 All components connected by common communication
lines called the system bus
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 Atmel
 RISC architecture (reduced instruction set computer) –
 Cost effective and rich in peripherals
 AVR

Memory

A semiconductor
storage device
consisting of
registers that store
binary bits
Two major
categories
Read/Write Memory
(R/WM)
Read-only-Memory
(ROM)



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