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James Joyce (1882 – 1941)
Joyce was born in Dublin into a Catholic family at studied in a college run by Jesuits
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The next year his mother died and he
returned to Ireland
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- In 1914 he published The Dubliners
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- After the publication of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man he moved to Paris in 1920
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Joyce went back to Zurich in 1940 and died there the next year after an operation
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The common elements in the stories are:
- the setting, Dublin, which becomes a symbol of the modern metropolis where life is losing its
natural quality;
- the main theme - the failure to find a way out of paralysis, which is the condition of modern man;
- the use of epiphany, which is a sudden revelation of a truth or of the inner reality of things
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- the narrator’s attitude of friendly irony or pity to the protagonists of the stories
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- Extract ‘She was fast asleep’
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After a traditional Christmas party, the protagonist Gabriel and his wife Gretta are in their hotel
room in Dublin
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Now Gretta is sleeping and Gabriel is looking at her and thinking
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He also recalls the evening’s
events: his aunts’ supper, the speech he gave, the music and dancing, a walk along the river
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The last paragraph develops
an evocative image of the snow, which is covering everything and everybody, both ‘the living and
the dead’
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Gabriel’s mental process is reported as indirect interior monologue, that is, through the voice of an
anonymous third-person narrator
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In fact the protagonist, Stephen Dedalus, is Joyce’s fictional double
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Like Joyce, Stephen is the
son of a poor father and a Catholic mother and studies at schools run by Jesuits
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 Extract ‘Where was his Boyhood now?’ This passage contains an important ‘epiphany’:
Stephen realises his boyhood is over and, at the same time, he feels attracted by the sight of a
girl
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While he is wandering along the beach, and thinking
about the prospect of a new, independent life, a girl appears in front of him like a magic sight
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And the girl realises Stephen is looking at her
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