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Science Notes
Chemistry
Main understanding:
There are many significant chemical reactions that are encountered in
everyday life and materials that are commonly used are all chemical
substances
...
Reactants: Any substance that undergoes a chemical change in a given
reaction
...
Equation: A representation showing the kind and amount of the starting
materials and products of a reaction
...
The atoms and/or molecules of a hotter object
have greater kinetic energy than those of a colder one
...
Natural fibre: Any raw material directly obtainable from an animal, vegetable
or mineral source and convertible into non-woven fabrics such as felt or
paper or after spinning into yarns, into woven clothe
...
Corrosion: the deterioration of a metal as it reacts with the chemicals in its
environment
...
- Word equation: iron + water + oxygen à hydrated iron oxide
Chemiluminescence:
- The emission of light from a chemical reaction
...
- Excitation: When atomic electron gains energy and moves to a higher
energy level
...
Catalyst: a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction
...
- Word equation: hydrocarbon + oxygen à carbon dioxide + water
Respiration: a chemical reaction occurring in living things that requires
oxygen and releases energy
...
Polymer: a long chained chemical made from repeating units (called
monomers)
...
Respiration: a chemical reaction occurring in living things that requires
oxygen and releases energy
...
- Making ice cubes
- Respiration
- A candle flame
- Nuclear fission
- Rubbing hands together
- Water condensing
- Bread dough rising
- Rusting iron
- The formation of snow
Endothermic: describes a process that involves the intake of energy from the
surroundings
...
Factors that affect the rate of corrosion:
- Presence of water
- Amount of oxygen dissolved in the water
- The temperature (all reactions are faster at higher temperatures)
- The presence of electrolytes in the water (e
...
Salt)
- The purity of iron (the greater the purity, the slower the corrosion)
Methods to prevent corrosion:
1
...
Design:
- Designer has to consider where the structure is being put (E
...
Near the
ocean) and its purpose (E
...
A bridge)
- The wall thickness needs to be considered as corrosion will happen
faster or slower depending on the thickness
- Structure should be able to be drained and cleaned easily
- Avoid two metals in contact because it may speed up corrosion
- Shapes that gather water should not be used
- Try to keep temperature down as otherwise metals will expand and
contract and then cracks will form and corrosion will happen faster
3
...
g
...
Sacrificial metals:
- Also known as cathodic protection
- Used to control the corrosion in metals
- Two metals – together makes electric current flow
- Connects protected metal to a more easily corroding material (E
...
Sacrificing another metal to save the other metal)
- For example: pipe lines, storage tanks, oil platforms, building frames
and boats
...
Inhibitors:
- Chemical compound that when added to a liquid or gas it decreases
the corrosion rate of the metal
- Forms a film on the metal
- Found in paint
- Use different chemicals for different metals
- Some corrosion caused by microbes – so they use as antiseptic
New products and materials:
Monomer: A molecule of low molecular weight capable of reacting with
identical or different molecules of low molecular weight to form a polymer
...
Polymerisation: The act or process of forming a polymer or copolymer,
especially a chemical reaction in which a polymer is formed