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HOW TO USE THESE NOTES: EACH “=” SIGN IS A NEW BULLET UNDER THE
BOLDED HEADING
Chemistry of Life
Bio-Chemistry = the study of organic molecules and their function in living organisms
Organic Molecules

Organic
Molecules

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Vitamins

Proteins

Organic Molecule = substances that are found within living organisms and contain carbonhydrogen bonds
...
Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

Simple
Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Complex
Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates = organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
...
= monomers are
connected by glycosidic bonds
Function = 1- release energy when needed, 2- store energy, 3- form certain structures
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= results in the loss of
hydrogen in one monomer and a hydroxyl group from the other, this creates the byproduct
water
Simples Carbohydrates = monosaccharides and disaccharides
...

=provide immediate energy for short periods of time
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Fruits, sweets, cake
Monosaccharides = simple carbohydrate
...

Properties = 1- colourless
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=3-soluble in water
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2- Galactose, sugar
found in milk and yoghurt
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Disaccharides= simple carbohydrate
...

Properties= 1-Crystalline, 2- soluble in water, 3- sticky/sweet
Examples= 1- glucose + fructose= sucrose, common table salt
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3- glucose + glucose = maltose, product of starch digestion
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=eg
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Polysaccharides=complex carbohydrate,= many rings

Properties= 1- polymers of monosaccharides, 2- can brac=nch out or be linear
Examples= cellulose, used in cell walls and starch
Starch= polymer of glucose
Properties= 1- insoluble in water, 2- amorphous, 3-used to store excess glucose, 4- make
part of human diets
Types= 1- amylose, linear glucose residues
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Lipids

Lipids

Glycolipids

Waxes

Lipoproteins

Saturated
Fats

Unsaturated
Fats

Lipids= organic molecule = made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen(some have other
elements as well) = the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is greater in favour of hydrogen =
consists of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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Properties= insoluble in water
Function= 1- store energy, 2- protect organs through layers of fat, 3- phospholipids make up
the cell membrane, 4- reduces heat loss through layers of fat
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Meat, milk, dairy
Effect on health=increases risk of heart disease, =raise level of cholesterol in blood
Unsaturated fats =has a double bond =liquid at room temperature =found in plant products
=eg
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Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids

DNA

MtDNA
(Mitochordrion)

DNA (Nucleus)

RNA

rRNA
(ribosomal)

tRNA (transfer)

mRNA
(messenger)

Nucleotides= the monomers that make up nucleic acids
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Ribonucleic Acid= found in the nucleolus and cytoplasm =consists of a ribose sugar, a
phosphate and four different nitrogenous bases 1-adenine 2-uracil 3-guanine 4-cytosine
Characteristics= single stranded = no base pairing occurs =responsible for synthesising
protein in the ribosomes

Differences between DNA and RNA
DNA
1
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3
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5
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Single stranded
2
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Uracil
4
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Responsible for protein synthesis in
the ribosomes

Chromosome =how DNA is present in the body = strands of DNA helixes spiral around
histones

4
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2- Catabolic= reactions that break down substances
-ase= this suffix creates the name of an enzyme that digests the root word =eg
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Vitamins
Vitamins= organic molecules =absorbed in the small intestine =used to maintain metabolic
processes in the body =lack of a certain vitamin will lead to a deficiency
Vitamin
Vitamin
A

Vitamin
B1

Vitamin
B2
Vitamin
B3

Vitamin
C

Vitamin
D

Vitamin
E

Function
Correct eye
functionality
Part of enzyme
systems
...

Possibly also a
catalyst in cell
respiration
Increases absorption
of calcium and
phosphate salts
(required for bone
formation) in the
alimentary canal
Functions unclear
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Water

Water= inorganic molecule =makes up most protoplasm =consists of one hydrogen and two
oxygen’s =most important inorganic molecule found in living organisms =makes up 70-95%
of cells =makes up 70% of the human body =known as the universal solvent as everything
but lipids can be dissolved in it =substance that makes all life on earth possible
Properties= 1-no taste 2-colourless 3-odourless 4-is a solvent (universal solvent) 5- neutral
substance with a pH of 7
Function in Plants =1-makes up cell sap which creates turgor pressure 2-transports minerals
up the xylem 3-required for photosynthesis 4-allows for cooling through transpiration 5breaks down organic compounds

Function in Animals= 1- required for chemical reactions 2-breaks down organic molecules 3transports food down alimentary canal 4-transports mineral salts to be absorbed in the
colon 5-dissolves and transports waste products for excretion
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