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Manual Drafting
techniques and CAD
elements explained &
compared
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Title
2
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Introduction
4
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CAD equipment
6
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Drawing conventions and standards
8
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Line types
10
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Constructional feature symbols
12
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Lettering and dimensioning
14
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Types of drawings examples
16
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CAD-Layers
18
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CAD packages
20
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CAD benefits
22
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Comparing CAD and manual drawing techniques
24
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Including the
general drawing tools, Paper and their sizes, The essential cad equipment and the media
processes such as reprography and photo static methods
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Equipment:
Pencils-HB, H, 2H used to create drafts
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Architects also use mechanical pencils as it holds a constant line where as wood-cased pencil
can't do this, this is a large advantage for architects as it allows the lines to be neater and
therefore easier for others to read
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2, 0
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4, 0
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Scale Rules - A scale rule is a specialized ruler is used by builders, engineers and architects
designed to facilitate the drafting and measuring of architectural drawings, such as floor
plans and orthographic projections
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Most scale rules have
these common scales included: 1:20, 1:25, 1:50, 1:75, 1:100, 1:125
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Eraser and Eraser shield - To mask mistakes, the shield makes it easier to mask small areas
precisely
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The set square must
rest on the T-square which should be pushed against the edge of the board this ensures that
the set square is level minimising errors
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Architectural Drafting Templates- standard drafting symbols cut through them for accurately
adding detail to floor plans and elevation view drawings this ensures a high quality as all
parties who read the drawings will have no confusion over details
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Compass- Creating arcs or circles accurately ensuring high quality of the drawings produced
or measuring distances in plans
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This is why engineers and
architects use this kind of tape in their blueprints
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CAD Equipment:
As NGF is hoping to expand the business to create CAD models
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All required for making 2D and 3D
designs that can easily be created, modified and analysed without wasting resources such as
paper and cuts expenses of resources such drawing tools which the software package would
have built in
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In drawing software such as Photoshop and illustrator the tablet can detect
pressure creating a variety of thicknesses where the mouse can't do this
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Scanning equipment- If a design is on paper and the architect wants to develop the design
digitally then the document can be scanned in
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High spec PCs- Any CAD software requires a large amount of memory and a good graphics
card to be able to run a programme with high requirements
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Figure 1 below: (Shaw, 2015)

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Media:
Paper



Layout paper- Thin and translucent, used for sketching and developing ideas as well as
preparing drawings to be traced 50 gsm
Cartridge paper- Many uses including making simple models and for drawing, painting
and using other materials such as pastels
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Good for tracing fine details
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210x297mm
A5 is commonly used for smaller items such as leaflets/flyers etc
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148x105mm
A7 for labels etc
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Figure 2 below
(Top4office, 2015)

Drawing standards and conventions:
Drawing standards and conventions- Over the past thirty years various British standards have
been developed to help the industry develop a consistent set of drawing procedures
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The ISO is the is international standards organisation
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o BS EN ISO 3766:2003: 'Construction drawings- simplified representation of concrete
reinforcement' which establishes a system for the scheduling of bars covering
dimensions and shapes
o BS EN ISO 7518:1999: 'Construction drawings- simplified representation of demolition
and rebuilding' which specifies rules for symbols, markings and simplified
representations of demolition and rebuilding on general arrangement drawings and
assembly drawings
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o BS EN ISO 11091:1999:'Landscape drawing practice' which creates general rules and
specifies graphical symbols and simpler representations for landscape drawing
practice
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Using standards and conventions helps the construction industry because in the past
companies adopted their own styles which became 'house standards'
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Companies now all using the current British and European

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standard means that there is minimum confusion over different methods of procedures
which saves time as there is no translation of drawings are required
...
The standard and
most common scales used in the construction industry are: 1:2500, 1:1250, 1:1000, 1:500,
1:250, 1:200, 1:100, 1:50, 1:20, 1:10 and 1:5
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Different weights
of a line define the function of the line
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The table below gives examples
on the line weights and how they function on a drawing:
Pen thickness
0
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35mm

0
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7mm

Type of line
Dimension line or hatch line
General printing and line work
Details
Hidden details
Section lines
Titles
Title block and drawing borders

Line types: The three most common types of lines are continuous, dashed and chain dotted
...
This table
includes the drawing examples:
Type of line

Function of line

Typical use

Thick
Medium
Thin

Site outlines or new buildings

Site drawings

Thick
Medium
Thin

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General details
Reference grid, dimension
lines, leader lines or
hatchings
...
(e
...
load bearings
walls)
Secondary elements and
components (e
...
windows)
Reference grids, dimension
lines, leader lines and
hatchings
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Controlling line, grid line

Pipelines, services and drains

Symbols and hatch patterns- When drawings are cut into a section drawing it is good
to present the cross hatching which show which material the object is made from
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Another common convention which is used to save
time and show clarity by using symbols to represent features such as doors, windows and
light switches
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The text should have perfect spacing not too cramped
or too widely spaced apart
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The lettering should also not in italics but should in capitals as this is the clearest form of
communication
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When drawing dimension lines there should always
be a gap between the line and element to avoid confusing and mistakes
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When drawing vertical dimension lines the dimensions should be written to the left of the
line in millimetres as this is standard there is no need to write 'mm' next to the figures
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Figure 5 and 6: (Topliss C, 2010)

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Types of drawingsSchematic drawings- Schematic drawings present an idea or explanation with no scales or
correct positioning of components
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Elevation- The top left drawing shows the front election
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These
can be removed for simplicity in earlier stages of the design if necessary
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Its purpose is to show the layout of rooms on the
ground floor
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Section- The image on the top right is of a section this is the view you would get if you sliced
the house vertically
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The dimension are the same as an
orthographic projection however the plan is rotated 45 degrees
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Orthographic projections- Orthographic projection is when the drawings are drawn with a flat
profile
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It shows the buildings external elevation and its roof
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The side view is one of its sides and the front view is the view if
you were directly looking at it
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The plan and side view are met a 45 degree angle
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Oblique projection- An oblique projection is when the gable end of the house is shown at a
45 degree angle and a 90 degree angle
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These types of drawings are
useful for when you need a lower view than the axonometric projection
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This gives a 3D image with the receding lines being parallel
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Perspective- Perspective drawings are the most realistic
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They can be drawn to scale however it is complicated to
create correctly
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15

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CAD (Computer aided design) - Computer aided design software is used by
architects, engineers, artists and others to create accurate precision drawings or illustrations
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Layers- A layer in CAD software break up a drawing into transparent sheets which the artist
can create as many layers as he/she requires
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For drawing an illustration for example the 1st layer may hold a sketch the 2nd
layer a rough outline and the 3rd layer a finalised piece
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The house would be built up
by the artist as the sections i
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windows can be altered easily as the CAD software would
detect the windows as a separate component from the rest of the house
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The single codes are under BS1192:2007
Table 15
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The image on the next page shows a 2D CAD drawing with the layers on the
right hand side in a key
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(Oakley CAD Services Ltd, 2012)

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CAD PackagesAutoCAD architecture- This software allows you to create architectural drawings and
documentations quickly and easily
...
This
software has a range of features including:





Preview architectural object styles- this allows the artist to confirm wall, door and
window styles before adding
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2D and 3D models- Sections and levels can be created from floor plans
...
(AutoDesk, 2015)

Revit- Revit is a building design and construction software unlike AutoCAD architecture Revit
is specifically built for other roles such as a structural engineer
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Incorporated 2D scanning allows the artist to edit scanned drawings and plans
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Create fabrication drawings
Combine multiple files into a single file to identify costly mistakes
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Determine energy and building lifecycle costs
Structural and lighting analysis
Powerful quantification tools- this allows the artist to quickly and accurately quantify
a model
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Figure 13 below shows a structural model created on Revit by (BimBoom, 2011)

AutoCAD Civil 3D- This software is built for civil engineers with tools that support BIM
(Building information technology) which helps to save time in designing, analyzing and
implementing changes
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This software allows the user to create complex models
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Map production-'Use cartographic mapping functionality to create maps that
highlight specific features or information, such as flood zones, pipe sizes and material,
soil types, wetland boundaries, and zoning districts
...
e
...
(AutoDesk Civil3D, 2015)

The Benefits of CAD:
Work flow tracking- Before work flow tracking was established, work had to be sent back and
forth between the designers usually taking a week at a time this process would then have to
start over once the designer had revised the drawing and then sent it back to the company
...
This was a lengthy process and the chances to two
people in the office at one time duplicating the work was highly likely
...
This is a benefit of CAD as it makes altering, issuing a lot quicker
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Example includes a construction company which has to design a housing
estate
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When working on the development all the documents would have had to be posted to be
reviewed if the company did not have CAD
...
As well as this the
potential tenants would be able to see the plans on their own systems as the process is
taking place this is very convenient
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From
this drawing a rendition can be produced in a format such as a PDF or paper
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A (s) 'sheet space' -This is where the A(m) drawing is viewed however there is no elements
only text, dimensions and borders
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C 'model' files -This is separate CAD files containing building information as well as a grid,
layouts and interior furniture layouts
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D 'Arrangement' file -This file contains the individual model for only one single floor
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If the file is saved as a DWF format and the receiver has programs such as DWF viewer
to open the document and DWF Writer programs which allow the document to be altered
...

Some CAD software as well as real time mark-up also enable meetings to take place online
where anyone across the work can discuss the drawing with live mark-up where they can
discuss any concerns about the design face to face
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This allows a range of
people to amend the drawings to communicate their ideas, problems or solutions to other
members of the team saving time as the drawings don’t need to be sent by post and saving
money as the courier don’t need to be paid
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2
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4
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6
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Retrieve the file to be redlined so that it shows on the graphics screen
zoom in to the area to be redlined
select the current redline layer to use via the RDL Layers command
set the desired text height using the Text Height command
set the desired arrow size using the Arrow Size command
proceed to markup the file using redline entities such as lines, arcs, circles, and text
save the redline information (Win, 2015)

Back-up systems- A vital benefit of CAD is the ability to back-up files this typically happens
every time the artist saves a
...
bak extension
...
Backing up the systems mean
important documents can be retrieved if lost by a drawing recovery manager which was first
introduced in the AutoCAD 2006
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For example if NGF had a large CAD
(
...
Figure 14
below:(AutoDesk, 2015)

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Comparing manual and CAD drafting techniquesCAD has more advantages than manual drafting techniques
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When
drawing manually and you notice a mistake you have a erase the mistake
...
This can lead to confusion if read by other
professionals the drawing may have to be redrawn again which takes more time and money
for a company
...
Unlike CAD drawings which can be stored on the
computer's hard drive which can be upgraded to increase its storage if needed
...

CAD files can be easily issued via email or other sharing apps such as dropbox
...
pdf file
which can be read by
...
The files can be sent and received as
many times
...
pdf files
as there is no detected layers unlike CADs
...
Larger manual drawings would have to be sent
off by post to the receiver this can take a long time if the receiver is international
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The drawings would then have to be sent
back to the designer which could take weeks or even months
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The
settings can be further changed for the professionals’ requirements such as scale, dimension
styles and more
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The quality of manual drawings can be
high however they can't be precise to the computer accuracy of reliable CAD software
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This means the file has an
error and will not open
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If
the designer doesn't lose the whole file but can recover the file from its last automatic, or
manual save the designer would still have to redesign a part of the drawing to get it back to
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where it was before it crashed
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Architectural practices prevent this
from happening by altering the settings on the CAD so the drawings save automatically every
5 minutes and back up the files onto an external storage
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Paper which has been drawn on can become smudged if touched and become dirty when
being transported
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Manual drawings can still become yellow or less white than when they were first drawn on
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The best conditioned paper can also become greyed overtime as exposure
to light can also cause the paper to change condition overtime
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(Aust, 2006)
The main disadvantage of CAD software is the cost
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Architectural practices commonly buy the
package which cost thousands of pounds which the software can be installed on multiple PCs
from one disk or downloaded online
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Manual drawing techniques aren't cheap either to set up
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(AutoDesk, 2015
CAD and manual drawings can be presented from any view point
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Also if the
architect notices a mistake while drawing the building from different perspectives he would
have change or start again so all the drawings are correct
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When the architect want to present the project to a small meeting small
drawings can be scaled up or down and the drawings can be passed around or the drawings
can be scanned into a PC and saved allowing the drawings to be seen on a screen during
presentation such as Microsoft PowerPoint
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All
...
EPS files are files which mean the image has a stored start and end coordinates
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that allow the image to be scaled as much as the architect wants without making the image
pixelated
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2
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4
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Set your remaining Plot Options as you would for a normal paper plot
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Then once in a presentation software such as Microsoft
PowerPoint the picture can inserting into the
presentation
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The time taken to prepare all of
the manual drawings into images depends on the quantity
of images however CAD EPS file converted in a lot faster
and efficient than scanning in individual manual drawings
...
e out on site more convenient and cheaper
...
Gladfelter, 2008)

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