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Title: Cell Reproduction
Description: In-depth, it describes cell communication, cell theory (Local Signal and Long Distance Signals/Endocrine), reception, ligand, epinephrine, and yeast mating. It also describes cell growth and reproduction, mitosis, meiosis and it's stages, asexual reproductions, and sexual reproductions.
Description: In-depth, it describes cell communication, cell theory (Local Signal and Long Distance Signals/Endocrine), reception, ligand, epinephrine, and yeast mating. It also describes cell growth and reproduction, mitosis, meiosis and it's stages, asexual reproductions, and sexual reproductions.
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Cellular Communication
➢ Big Questions:
○ Why do cells communication?
○ What does cellular communication look like?
○ How is cellular communication utilized in unicellular and multicellular life?
➢ Theory:
○ How cells communicate: signal transduction
➢ The three phases of signal Reception
○ Reception > Transduction > Response
➢ How signals are sent:
○ Local Signal
■ A secret cell sends out secretory vesicle to a target cell
...
■ Synaptic signalling electrical signal along nerve cell triggers release of
neurotransmitter, the neurotransmitters diffuses across synapse, so target
cell is stimulated
...
Tyrosine amino acid residues are
active in the transfer of phosphates to relay protein
...
Trigger
subresponse pathways
■ Cyclic AMP: A typical second messenger that affects metabolism
■ Calcium ions are another common second messenger
○ Ex
...
K
...
The response is!
Amplification
○ More from less
○ Cells amplify a message
Complication
○ A “branching Network”
○ Simplicity leads to complexity
Quorum Sensing
○ communication among microbes that triggers group response one particular
population densities are reached
...
When population density hits a threshold, they begin to produce a
lightproducing protein
...
○ Ex
...
Each makes signalling molecules that the other
receives
...
○ Meiosis soon ensure
➢ Graphic yeast sex
○ Exchange of mating factors
○ Mating
○ New a/x cell
➢ Yeast shmoo mutants & the shmoo formation path
○ Mating factors activates receptor
○ G protein binds GTP and becomes activated
○ Phosphorylation cascade activates Fus3, which moves to plasma membrane
○ Fus3 phosphorylates formin, activating it
...
➢ Apoptosis
○ Programmed cell death is programmed because of the signalling pathways that it
is programmed to
○ NOtice that death proteins are present in an inactive form prior to signal
reception
...
○ Just before cell division, several short, stringy structures appear in the nucleus,
which are called chromosomes
...
○ Most of the cell's lifetime, chromosomes exist as something called chromatin
which is long, stringy strands of DNA
...
○ The cell cycles is the time of growth and division of a cell, which makes the cells
life divide into two periods
■ Two phases types:
● Interphase growth and development
● Mitosis nuclear division
➢ Interphase:
○ A cell grows in size, carries on metabolism duplicates chromosomes prepare for
division
○ The busiest phase of cells life
...
■ 4 Stages of mitosis
● Stage 1: Prophase chromosomes are formed when the chromatin
...
Centromeres hold
sister chromatid together
...
● Stage 4: Telophases two new nuclei are formed and a double
membrane begins to form between them
...
The daughter
cells will eventually do the same process
...
Tissues work to form organs
...
Organ systems to work together to form organism
...
)
■ Development in multicellular organism
■ Growth in multicellular organisms
■ Replacement & Repair
● Skin & blood cells in humans
● Tails in some lizards
● Limbs in some salamanders
● Whole body regions in some worms
➢ Meiosis
○ the cell division that creates four haploid sex cells (also known as gametes)
■ Takes place inside the reproductive organs
■ The process that makes sperm cells is called spermatogenesis
● Takes place inside testee male
■ The process of making egg cells oncogenesis
● Takes place inside ovaries females
■ Genes & Alleles are shuffled extensively in meiosis such that no two
sperm or eggs are ever identical
○ Meiosis Stages
■ Meiosis One Important because this allows for genetic variation (some
variety in offspring) by a process called crossing over
...
Heterozygous
■ Genotype vs
...
○ Start with one cell and it will divide into two cells that are genetically identical to
the parent
■ Five Types:
● Binary fission
○ one cell will simply divide into two cells
○ End result: 2 new cells that are identical, but a little smaller
in size
○ Procaryotic cells
○ Happens in: bacteria and amoeba
● Budding
○ A small “growth” or cell develops on parent and pops off
after reaching a particular size
...
Humans have 46 chromosomes
➢ Types of chromosomes
○ Homologous chromosomes
■ chromosomes that have the same gene (example hair color and eye color)
but one came from mom and other is from dad
...
Title: Cell Reproduction
Description: In-depth, it describes cell communication, cell theory (Local Signal and Long Distance Signals/Endocrine), reception, ligand, epinephrine, and yeast mating. It also describes cell growth and reproduction, mitosis, meiosis and it's stages, asexual reproductions, and sexual reproductions.
Description: In-depth, it describes cell communication, cell theory (Local Signal and Long Distance Signals/Endocrine), reception, ligand, epinephrine, and yeast mating. It also describes cell growth and reproduction, mitosis, meiosis and it's stages, asexual reproductions, and sexual reproductions.