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LATIN GRAMMAR
PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE VERBS
Singular
Plural
1st person (I/we)
-o/-m
-mus
2nd person (you/you)
-s
-tis
3rd person (he, she, it/they)
-t
-nt
From the infinitive endings of verbs, -āre represents the first conjugation and –ēre represents the 2nd
conjugation
...

PRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE VERB
2nd person

Singular
*present stem*

Plural
-te

FIRST DECLENSION NOUN AND ADJ
Singular
Plural
Nominative (subject)
-a
-ae
Genitive (possession)
-ae
-ārum
Dative (indirect object)
-ae
-īs
Accusative (direct object)
-am
-as
Ablative (to modify)
-ā
-īs
Vocative (to address)
-a
-ae
Generally the first declension is used for the feminine nouns except some professions that were
considered male occupations will be first declension but masculine e
...
poet, sailor, farmer
...
Nouns in apposition – e
...

‘Gauis, my son’, as with predicate nominatives in sentences with the intransitive verb sum e
...
‘the poet is
my friend’ – always agree in case, usually in number, and often in gender
...
This can happen in adjectives too so
memorise the different genders
...
Below are
the endings for second declension neuter nouns
...

SECOND DECLENSION NEUTER NOUN
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Vocative

Singular
-um
-ī
-ō
-um
-ō
-um

Plural
-a
-ōrum
-īs
-a
-īs
-a

PRESENT INDICATIVE OF sum (IRR
...

Sometimes substantive adjectives are used in place of a noun, e
...
instead of ‘the meek people’ they may
write simply, ‘the meek’
...


FUTURE AND IMPERFECT
Future
Imperfect
INDICATIVE ACTIVE TENSES
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
1st person (I/we shall – I was/we were)
-bō-bi-ba-m
-bá2nd person (you will – you were)
-bi-bi-bā-bá3rd person (he…/they will – was/were)
-bi-bu-ba-baThe future and imperfect tenses are generally formed thus: present stem + tense sign (shown above) +
personal ending to create ‘will’ and ‘was’ sentences
...
g
...

FUTURE AND IMPERFECT
INDICATIVE OF sum (IRR
...

When the form of sum begins with an s- the –t of pot is assimilated to an s
...

FUTURE AND IMPERFECT
INDICATIVE OF possum (IRR
...
The safest
procedure is to learn the gender of each noun as you encounter it
...
These are consonant-stem nouns but there
are also i-stem nouns that follow the same endings as above except: genitive plural is –ium;
neuters have –i in ablative singular; neuters have –ia in nom, acc, and voc plural
...

I-STEM NOUN vīs (IRR
...
force)
Singular
Plural
Nominative
vīs
vírēs
Genitive
vīs
vírium
Dative
vī
víribus
Accusative
vim
vírēs
Ablative
vī
víribus

Third declension adjectives use the same endings as i-stem nouns and fall into 3 different
categories
...
sing
...
Adjectives of 2 endings
(most common) have a single nom
...
and fem, which differs from the neuter
...
sing
...

3RD CONJUGATION PRESENT VERB
1st person
2nd person
3rd person

Singular
-ō
-is
-it

Plural
-imus
-itis
-unt

3RD CONJUGATION FUTURE VERB
1st person
2nd person
3rd person

Singular
-am
-ēs
-et

Plural
-ēmus
-ētis
-ent

3RD CONJ IMPERFECT VERB
1st person
2nd person
3rd person

Singular
-ēbam
-ebās
-ēbat

Plural
-ēbamus
-ēbatis
-ēbant

3RD CONJ IMPERATIVE ACTIVE
Singular
Plural
nd person
2
-e
-ite
The 3rd conjugation verbs can be recognised from the short ‘e’ in their infinitive endings of –ere
...
According to the rule for
finding the present stem in forming the present indicative, the –re ending should be dropped,
but in the 1st person singular drops the short vowel altogether and the third person plural takes
a -u- and the rest take -i-
...
g
...

DEMONSTRATIVE: ille:
that, those
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
DEMONSTRATIVE: hic:
this, these
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative

Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
ille
illī
illa
illae
illud
illa
illīus
illorum
illīus
illarum
illīus
illorum
illī
illīs
illī
illīs
illī
illīs
illum
illōs
illam
illās
illud
illa
illō
illīs
illā
illīs
illō
illīs
Masculine
Singular
Plural
hic
hī
huius
horum
huic
hīs
hunc
hōs
hōc
hīs

Feminine
Neuter
Singular Plural Singular Plural
haec
hae
hoc
haec
huius harum huius horum
huic
hīs
huic
hīs
hanc
hās
hoc
haec
hāc
hīs
hōc
hīs

DEMONSTRATIVE: iste:
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
that (derogatory, closeness) Singular
Plural
Singular Plural
Singular
Plural
Nominative
iste
istī
ista
istae
istud
ista
Genitive
istīus istorum
istīus istarum istīus istorum
Dative
isti
istīs
istī
istīs
istī
istīs
Accusative
istum
istōs
istam
istās
istud
ista
Ablative
isto
istīs
istā
istīs
istō
istīs
The singular of nine adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declensions is irregular in that the genitive ends
in -īus and the dative in ī, following the pattern of illīus and illī above
...

1ST & 2ND PERSON PRONOUNS:
1st Person – ego, I
2nd Person – tū, you
ego (I); tū (you)
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Nominative
égo
nōs
tū
vōs
Genitive
méī
nostrum/-ī
túī
véstrum/-ī
Dative
míhi
nóbīs
tíbi
vóbīs
Accusative
mē
nōs
tē
vōs
Ablative
mē
nóbis
tē
vóbīs
These, apart from the nominative, are also used as reflexive pronouns e
...
‘myself’ but there is
also a 3rd person identical in singular and plural: súī, síbi, sē, sē
...
The third person
is the adjective suus, sua, suum (his/her/its/their own) and must agree in number, gender and
case
...
Ipse, ipsa, ipsum follows the declension of a normal adjective
except in the genitive and dative singular where follows the declension of the demonstratives
below
...
g
...

3RD PERSON
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular
Plural
Nominative
is
éī, íī
éa
éae
id
éa
Genitive
éius
eórum
éius
eárum
éius
eórum
Dative
éī
éīs
éī
éīs
éī
éīs
Accusative
éum
éōs
éam
éās
id
éa
Vocative
éō
éīs
éā
éīs
éō
éīs
These are pronouns describing a person or thing e
...
he, of him/his, to/for him, him, by/with/
from him and so on
...
), however, the nominative was only
normally used to stress the subject
...
g
...
Latin frequently
omits genitives
...

1st person
2nd person
3rd person

Singular
-eram
-erās
-erat

Plural
-erámus
-erátis
-erant

FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE
Singular
Plural
1st person
-erō
-érimus
2nd person
-eris
-éritis
3rd person
-erit
-erint
The perfect active stem is found by dropping the final –ī which characterises the third principal
part of every verb
...
g
...
Use of the future perfect is uncommon and is
translated as ‘shall/will have’
...

ABLATIVE CASE USES
Accompaniment
Manner
Place where
Place from which
Separation
Personal agent
Following cardinal numbers
Means
Manner
Time when or within which
Separation

Preposition indicator
cum
cum
in and sub
ab, dē, ex
ab, dē, ex
ab
ex or dē
-

CARDINAL NUMBER, duo (2)
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative

Masculine
dúo
duórum
duóbus
dúōs
duóbus

Example
he wrote it with his friend
he wrote it with care
he wrote it in the city
he sent it from the city
he kept them from the city
it was written by his friend
three of the ships departed
he wrote it with his own hand
he wrote it with great care
he wrote it at that time
he freed them from fear
Feminine
dúae
duárum
duábus
dúās
duábus

Neuter
dúo
duórum
duóbus
dúo
duóbus

CARDINAL NUMBER, trēs(3)
Masculine/Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
trēs
tría
Genitive
tríum
tríum
Dative
tríbus
tríbus
Accusative
trēs
tría
Ablative
tríbus
tríbus
Most cardinals up to 100 are indeclinable, except the above ones
...

Mīlle (thousand, sg) is indeclinable but the plural in neuter follows the neuter endings for trēs
...
Ordinals are
regular adjectives of 1st and 2nd declensions
...


RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
who, which, that
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Nominative
quī
quī
quae
quae
quod
quae
Genitive
cuíus
quórum
cuíus
quárum
cuíus
quórum
Dative
cui
quíbus
cui
quíbus
cui
quíbus
Accusative
quem
quōs
quam
quās
quod
quae
Ablative
quō
quíbus
quā
quíbus
quō
quíbus
The interrogative pronoun is identical to the relative pronouns in plural and in the singular with
two exceptions: 1) the masculine and feminine have the same forms in the singular; 2) the nom
...
forms are quis and quid (this is also acc
...
of neuter)
...
To distinguish: relative usually introduces a
subordinate clause and does not ask a question; interrog
...
adjective asks for more specific identity and both
precedes and agrees with noun in gender, number, case
...
The
present passive infinitive is formed by changing the active –e to –ī e
...
laudarī meaning ‘to be
praised’
...
To change an active to a passive:
direct object becomes subject; subject becomes ablative of agent if a person, or ablative of
means if a thing; active verb form changes to passive verb form
...
present (-eris) and present infinitive will end in –ī
...
PASSIVE
Singular
Plural
1st person
-us, -a, -um sum
-ī, -ae, -a sumus
2nd person
-us, -a, -um es
-ī, -ae, -a estis
3rd person
-us, -a, -um est
-ī, -ae, -a sunt
FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE
1st person
2nd person
3rd person

Singular
-us, -a, -um ero
-us, -a, -um eris
-us, -a, -um erit

Plural
-ī, -ae, -a erimus
-ī, -ae, -a eritis
-ī, -ae, -a erunt

PLUPERFECT INDI
...
It translates as e
...
I was
praised, we were praised
...


LATIN VOCABULARY
mē, pronoun, me, myself
quid, pronoun, what
nihil, noun (indeclinable), nothing
nōn, adverb, not
saépe, adverb, often
sī, conjunction, if
ámō, amāre, amāvī, amātum, verb, to love, like; amābō tē, idiom, please
cógitō, cōgitāre, cōgitāvī, cōgitātum, verb, to think, consider
débeō, dēbére, débuī, débitum, verb, to owe, ought, must
dō, dare, dédī, datum, verb, to give, offer
érrō, errāre, errávī, erratum, verb, to err, wander
laudō, laudāre, laudávī, laudātum, verb, to praise
moneō, monére, mónuī, mónitum, verb, to advise
sálveō, salvére, verb, to be well; sálvē, salvēte, hello, greetings
sérvō, serváre, servávī, servátum, verb, to preserve, save
cōnsérvō, cōnserváre, cōnservávī, cōnservátum, verb, to preserve (stronger)
térreō, terrére, térruī, térritum, verb, to frighten
váleō, valére, váluī, valitūrum, verb, to be strong
vídeō, vidére, vídī, vísum, verb, to see, understand
vócō, vocáre, vocávī, vocátum, verb, to call, summon
fáma, fámae, noun, f
...
, form, shape; beauty
fortūna, fortūnae, noun, f
...
, ire, anger
naúta, naútae, noun, m
...
, fatherland, country
pecúnia, -ae, noun, f
...
, philosophy
poéna, -ae, noun, f
...
, poet
porta, -ae, noun, f
...
, girl
rósa, -ae, noun, f
...
, feeling, thought, opinion
vīta, -ae, noun, f
...
, without
est, verb, is
áger, ágrī, noun, m
...
, farmer
amíca, -ae, noun, f
...
, friend
fémina, -ae, noun, f
...
, dat
...
pl
...
, son
númerus, -ī, noun, m
...
, the people, a nation
púer, púerī, noun, m
...
, boys, children
sapiéntia, -ae, noun, f
...
, man, hero
avārus (m
...
), adjective, greedy, avaricious
paúcī (m
...
), adjective, usually pl
...
), Rōmána (f
...
+ abl
...
+ abl
...
, kiss
béllum, ī, noun, n
...
, plan, purpose, counsel, advice, judgement, wisdom
cúra, -ae, noun, f
...
, gift, present
exítium, iī, noun, n
...
, and magístra, -ae, f
...
, delay
óculus, -ī, noun, m
...
, duty, service
ótium, -iī, noun, n
...
, danger, risk, peril
remédium, -iī, noun, n
...
, a fool
vérus, -a, -um, adjective, true, real, proper
iúvō (or ádiuvō), iuváre, iúvī, iútum, verb, to help, aid, assist; please

sum, ésse, fúī, futúrum, verb, to be, exist
adulēscéntia, -ae, noun, f
...
, soul, spirit, mind; ánimī, -ōrum, high spirits, pride, courage
caélum, -ī, noun, n
...
, fault, blame
glória, -ae, noun, f
...
, word
tē, abl
...
sg
...
+ acc
...
, when; sī quándō, if ever
sátis, indecl
...
, and adv
...
, dat
...
pl
...
, voc
...
deus, nom
...
dī, dat
...
pl
...
, and discípulus, -ī, m
...
, pl
...
, book
tyránnus, -ī, noun, m
...
, fault, crime, vice
Graécus, -a, -um, adjective, Greek
perpétuus, -a, -um, adjective, perpetual, lasting, uninterrupted, continuous
plénus, -a, -um, adjective, full, abundant, generous
sálvua, -a, -um, adjective, safe, sound
secúndua, -a, -um, adjective, second, favourable
véster, véstra, véstrum, pronoun, your, yours (pl
...
, and
...
adv
...
, where, when; (2) interrog
...
and conj
...
, there
nunc, adv
...
, lit
...
, love
cármen, cárminis, noun, n
...
, state, citizenship
córpus, córporis, noun, n
...
, human being, man
lábor, labóris, noun, m
...
, a letter of the alphabet; lítterae, -ārum, pl
...
, habit, custom, manner; mórēs, mórum, pl
...
, name
pāx pácis, noun, f
...
, queen
rēx, régis, noun, m
...
, time, occasion, opportunity
térra, -ae, noun, f
...
, wife
vírgō, vírginis, noun, f
...
, manliness, courage; virtue, worth, excellence
nóvus, -a, -um, adjective, new, strange
post, prep
...
, after, behind
sub, prep
...
with verbs of rest, + acc
...
, (Marcus Tullius) Cicero
cōpia, -ae, noun, f
...
, supplies, troops, forces
frater, frátris, noun, m
...
, praise, glory, fame
lībértās, lībertátis, noun, f
...
, reckoning, account, reason, judgement, consideration, system, manner, method
scrīptor, scrīptóris, noun, m
...
, sister
victória, -ae, noun, f
...
, while, as long as, at the same time that; + subjunctive, until
ad, prep + acc
...
, out of , from, from within, by reason of, on account of, following cardinal numbers of
númquam, adv
...
, nevertheless
ágō, ágere, égī, áctum, verb, to drive, lead, do, spend; grātiās agree + dat
...
, place, passage in literature; pl
...
, places, region; lócī, -orum, m
...
, disease, sickness
stadium, -iī, noun, n
...
, for, in fact, truly
in, prep + acc
...
, too, too much, excessively
amīcítia, -ae, noun, f
...
, desire, longing, passion, cupidity, avarice
hora, -ae, noun, f
...
, nature
senéctūs, senectútis, noun, f
...
, fear
véritās, vēritátis, noun, f
...
, way, road, street

volúptā, voluptátis, noun, f
...
, since, inasmuch as
cum, prep
...
, with; can appear as com-, con-, cor-, col-, co- as a prefix
aúdiō, audíre, audívī, audítum, verb, to hear, listen to
cápiō, cápere, cépī, cáptum, verb, to take, capture, seize, get
dícō, dícere, díxī, dictum, verb, to say, tell, speak, name, call
fáciō, fácere, fécī, fáctum, verb, to make, do, accomplish; -a- becomes –i- in compounds
fúgiō, fúgere, fúgī, fúgitūrum, verb, to flee, hurry away, escape, go into exile, avoid, shun
véniō, veníre, vénī, véntum, verb, to come
invéniō, inveníre, -vénī, -véntum, verb, to come upon, find
vívō, vívere, víxī, víctum, verb, to live
cáput, cápitis, noun, n
...
, consul
némō, nūllíus, néminī, néminem, núllō or núllā, noun, m
...
, no one, nobody
égo, méī, pronoun, I
tū, túī, pronoun, you
is, éa, id, pronoun, this, that; he, she, it
ídem, éadem, íem, pronoun, the same
amicus, -a, -um, adjective, friendly
cárus, -a, -um, adjective, dear
quod, conj
...
, and not, nor; néque… néque or nec… nec, neither… nor
aútem, postpositive conj
...
and f
...
, year
Ásia, -ae, noun, f
...
, Caesar
máter, mátris, noun, f
...
, and médica, -ae, f
...
, father
patiéntia, -ae, noun, f
...
, beginning
acérbus, -a, -um, adj
...
+ abl
...
, long, for a long time
núper, adv
...
pl
...
, deed, act, achievement
sígnum, -ī, noun, n
...
, myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, the very, the actual
quísque, quídque, indefinite pron, each one, each person, each thing
súī, reflexive pron
...
, himself, herself, itself, themselves
dóctus, -a, -um, adj
...
, lucky, fortunate, happy
súus, -a, -um, reflexive possessive adj
...
, his own, her own, its own, their own
nam, conj
...
+acc
...
, before, previously
per, prep
...
, through; with reflexive pron
...
, at that time, once, formerly; in the future
álō, álere, áluī, áltum, verb, to nourish, support, sustain, increase, cherish
díligō, dīlígere, dīléxī, dīléctum, verb, to esteem, love
iúngō, iúngere, iúnxī, iúnctum, verb, to join
stō, stare, stétī, státum, verb, to stand, stand still or firm
animal, animális, noun, n
...
, water
ars, ártis, noun, f
...
, ear
cívis, cívis, noun, f
...
, right, justice, law
máre, máris, noun, n
...
, death
núbēs, núbis, noun, f
...
, mouth, face
pars, pártis, noun, f
...
, Rome
túrba, -ae, noun, f
...
, city
vīs, vīs, noun, f
...
, strength
ā (before consonants), ab (before vowels and consonants), prep
...
, away from, from; by
trans, prep
...
, across
appéllō, verb, to speak to, address (as), call, name
cúrrō, cúrrere, cucúrrī, cúrsum, verb, to run, rush, move quickly
mútō, verb, to change, alter; exchange
téneō, tenére, ténuī, téntum, verb, to hold, keep, possess; restrain; -tineō, -ēre, -tinuī, -tentum in compounds
vítō, verb, to avoid, shun
Itália, -ae, noun, f
...
, memory, recollection
tempéstās, tempestátis, noun, f
...
adj
...
, a hundred
mílle, indecl
...
in sg
...
pl
...
+ acc
...
, and so, therefore
commíttō, -míttere, -mísī, -míssum, verb, to entrust, commit
exspéctō, verb, to expect, await, look for
iáciō, iácere, iécī, iectum, verb, to throw, hurl (appears in compounds)
tímeō, timére, tímuī, verb, to fear, be afraid of, be afraid
aétās, aetátis, noun, f
...
, hearer, listener, member of an audience
clēméntia, -ae, noun, f
...
, mind, thought, intention
sátura, -ae, noun, f
...
, sharp, keen, eager, severe, fierce
brevis, bréve, adj
...
, swift, quick, rapid
diffícilis, diffícile, adj
...
, sweet, pleasant, agreeable
fácilis, facile, adj
...
, strong, brave
íngēns, gen
...
, huge
iūcúndus, -a, -um, adj
...
, long
ómnis, ómne, adj
...
, poténtis, pres
...
of possum as an adj
...
, sénis, adj
...
, how
régō, régere, réxī, rectum, verb, to rule, guide, direct
libéllus, -ī, noun, m
...
pron
...
, blind
lévis, léve, adj
...
, or; aut… aut, either… or
cíto, adv
...
, also, too
admíttō, míttere, mísī, míssum, verb, to admit, receive, let in
coépī, coepísse, coéptum, defective verb used in perfect system only, began
cúpiō, cúpere, cupívī, cupítum, verb, to desire, wish, long for
déleō, dēlére, dēlétum, verb, to destroy, wipe out, erase
dēsíderō, verb (1), to desire, long for, miss
incípiō, -cípere, -cépī, céptum, verb, to begin
návigō, verb (1), to sail, navigate
néglegō, neglégere, negléxī, negléctum, verb, to neglect, disregard
récitō, verb (1), to read aloud, recite
flúmen, flúminis, noun, n
...
, origin, kind, type, sort, class
hóstis, hóstis, noun, m
...
, uprightness, honesty
sciéntia, -ae, noun, f
...
, clear, bright, renowned, famous, illustrious
mortális, mortále, adj
...
, why
deínde, adv
...
verb of video, to be seen, seem, appear
argumentum, -ī, noun, n
...
, increaser, author, originator
benefícium, iī, noun, n
...
, household, family
Graécia, -ae, noun, f
...
, judge, juror
iūdíccium, -iī, noun, n
...
, evil deed, crime, sin, wickedness
quis? quid?, interrog
...
, who? whose? whom? what? which?
quī? quae? quod?, interrog
...
, what? which? what kind of?
cértus, -a, -um, adj
...
, heavy, weighty, serious, important
immortális, immortále, adj
...
, but, mind you, you say
nísi, conj
...
+ acc
...
, now, already, soon
dēléctō, verb, to delight, charm, please
líberō, verb, to free, liberate
párō, verb, to prepare, provide, get, obtain
coniūrátī, -orum, noun, m
...
, conspirators
córnū, córnūs, noun, n
...
, fruit, profit, benefit, enjoyment
génū, génūs, noun, n
...
, hand, handwriting, band
métus, -ūs, noun, m
...
, mountain
senátus, -ūs, noun, m
...
, feeling, sense
sérvitūs, servitútis, noun, f
...
, breath, breathing, spirit, soul
versus, -ūs, noun, m
...
, common, general, of/for the community
déxter, déxtra, déxtrum, adj
...
, left, left-hand
cáreō, carére, cáruī, caritúrum, verb + abl
...
, house, cottage, hut
caúsa, -ae, noun, f
...
with preceding gen
...
, window
fínis, fínis, noun, m
...
, clan, race, nation, people
mundus, -ī, noun, m
...
, ship, boat
Tróia, -ae, noun, f
...
, and vīcína, -ae, f
...
, the common people, mob, rabble
ásper, áspera, ásperum, adj
...
, and, and also, and even
íterum, adv
...
, day
férrum, -ī, noun, n
...
, faith, trust, trustworthiness, fidelity, promise, guarantee, protection
ígnis, ígnis, noun, m
...
, measure, bound, limit, manner, method, mode, way
rēs, réī, noun, f
...
, state, commonwealth, republic
spēs, spéī, noun, f
...
, level, even, calm, equal, just, favourable
félīx, gen
...
, lucky, fortunate, happy
incértus, -a, -um, adj
...
, Latin
médius, -a, -um, adj
...
, formerly, once
últrā, adv
...
+acc
...
, immediately
cérnō, cérnere, crévī, crétum, verb, to distinguish, discern, perceive
ērípiō, -rípere, -rípuī, -réptum, verb, to snatch away, take away, rescue
ínquit, defective verb, he says or said, with direct quotation
tóllō, tóllere, sústulī, sublátum, verb, to raise, lift up, take away, remove, destroy



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