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Title: The Cardiovascular System - Anatomy
Description: A comprehensive study guide of the cardiovascular system in human anatomy.

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The  Cardiovascular  System  (ch  19-­‐21)
Main  Components  of  System:  





Blood  
Heart  
Blood  Vessels  

The  study  of  blood,  blood  forming  tissues,  and  blood  disorders  is  known  as  Hematology
...
   

Protection  




Clotting  prevents  excess  loss  of  blood
...
   

Physical  Characteristics  and  Volume:  






pH:  7
...
45  
Color  ranges  from  bright  red  to  dark  red  
Blood  makes  up  8%  of  the  total  body  weight  
Average  adult  male  has  5  to  6  liters  of  blood  (1
...
   
Make  up  45%  of  the  blood  volume  



Leukocytes:  White  Blood  Cells  



Thrombocytes  (platelets):  cell  fragments  



Protect  the  body  from  infection/disease  

• Stop  bleeding  by  starting  the  clotting  process  
*Leukocytes  &  Thrombocytes  make  up  less  than  1%  of  blood  volume
...
   
Biconcave  discs  
Lack  a  nucleus  
2  million  enter  circulation  every  second  
Last  about  120  days  
Destroyed  in  the  spleen  and  liver    

White  Blood  Cells:  





Called  Leukocytes  



Granular:    

Have  a  nucleus  
Classified  as  either  granular  or  agranular  







Agranular  WBC  still  have  granules,  but  they  are  smaller  and  hard  to  see  
Neutrophils  
Eosinophil  
Basophil  

Agranular:    




Monocyte  

Lymphocyte  
Blood  Groups  and  Blood  Types:  




Blood  groups  are  based  on  the  presence  or  absence  of  certain  antigens  
Two  major  blood  groups  





ABO  
Rh  

Rh  Blood  Group:    





Antigen  was  discovered  in  the  blood  of  a  Rhesus  monkey  
If  you  have  the  Rh  antigen,  you  are  RH+,  if  you  lack  it,  you  are  RH-­‐  

Most  common  problem  with  Rh  incompatibility:  Hemolytic  Disease  of  a  Newborn  (HDN)  
Blood  Disorders:  






Anemia  



Systemic  Circulation:  

Sickle-­‐Cell  Disease  
Hemophilia  

Leukemia  
Circulation:  





Carries  oxygenated  blood  away  from  the  heart  to  the  body  
Returns  deoxygenated  blood  back  to  the  heart  

Pulmonary  Circulation:  




Carries  deoxygenated  blood  away  from  the  heart  and  to  the  lungs  
Returns  oxygenated  blood  back  to  the  heart  

Heart
Structure  of  the  Heart:  





Relatively  small,  about  the  size  of  a  fist  




The  pericardium  surrounds  and  protects  the  heart  

Rests  on  the  diaphragm  in  the  mediastinum  and  between  the  lungs
...
Deoxygenated  blood  enters  right  atrium  through  the  vena  cava
...
Blood  moves  into  the  right  ventricle
...
Blood  goes  out  the  pulmonary  arteries  and  heads  to  the  lungs
...
Blood  returns  from  the  lungs  and  enters  the  left  atrium
...
Blood  moves  into  the  left  ventricle
...
Oxygenated  blood  moves  out  of  the  left  ventricle  through  the  aorta  and  to  the  body
...
   
Starts  and  controls  the  rate  of  the  heart  contraction  
Called  the  pacemaker  

Atrioventricular  (AV)  Node:    





At  lower  part  of  the  right  atrium  
Impulse  slows  here  to  let  the  atria  finish  contracting  
Allows  the  ventricles  to  fill  completely  before  they  start  contracting  



AV  Bundle/Bundle  of  His:  



Bundle  Branches:    






From  the  AV  node  down  into  the  septum    
Two  forks  of  the  AV  bundle  
Goes  down  to  the  apex  of  the  heart  

Purkinje  Fibers:  




Allow  the  ventricular  contraction  to  start  at  the  apex  and  move  up  
Pushes  the  blood  up  to  the  arteries  going  out  of  the  ventricle    

Blood  Vessels  
Arteries:  




Vessels  that  carry  blood  away  from  the  heart  
Three  main  types:    



Elastic  Arteries:    






Lots  of  elastic  tissue  
Can  stretch  and  store  elastic  potential  that  is  then  converted  to  kinetic  
energy  in  the  blood  

Muscular  Arteries:  





Aorta  and  some  major  branches  

Lots  of  smooth  muscle  tissue  
Capable  of  more  vasoconstriction  and  dilation  than  others  

Arterioles:    




Smallest  arteries  
Can  control  amount  of  blood  flow  to  different  tissues  through  the  use  of  
precapillary  sphincters  

Capillaries:  






Smallest  blood  vessels  with  the  thinnest  walls  
Connect  the  smallest  arterioles  with  venules  
Thin  walls  allow  for  the  exchange  of  materials  between  blood  and  cells  
Capillary  Beds:    




Networks  of  capillaries  that  supply  blood  to  an  area  

It  is  possible  to  close  of  capillaries  and  not  send  blood  to  the  entire  area  
Veins  and  Venules:  






Carries  blood  back  to  the  heart  




Causes  blood  to  exert  a  force  against  walls  of  vessels  

Have  thinner  walls  and  larger  lumens  (hollow  insides)  than  arteries  
Blood  pressure  is  lower  in  veins  

Blood  gets  pushed  back  to  the  heart  with  assistance  from  skeletal  muscle  movements  and  
valves  
Blood  Pressure:  

 

Blood  Pressure  (BP)  is  measured  and  recorded  as  two  numbers:  




Systole  -­‐  pressure  during  ventricular  contraction  
Diastole  -­‐  pressure  during  ventricular  relaxation  


Title: The Cardiovascular System - Anatomy
Description: A comprehensive study guide of the cardiovascular system in human anatomy.