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Title: The Cardiovascular System - Anatomy
Description: A comprehensive study guide of the cardiovascular system in human anatomy.
Description: A comprehensive study guide of the cardiovascular system in human anatomy.
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The Cardiovascular System (ch 19-‐21)
Main Components of System:
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Blood
Heart
Blood Vessels
The study of blood, blood forming tissues, and blood disorders is known as Hematology
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Protection
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Clotting prevents excess loss of blood
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Physical Characteristics and Volume:
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pH: 7
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45
Color ranges from bright red to dark red
Blood makes up 8% of the total body weight
Average adult male has 5 to 6 liters of blood (1
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Make up 45% of the blood volume
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Leukocytes: White Blood Cells
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Thrombocytes (platelets): cell fragments
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Protect the body from infection/disease
• Stop bleeding by starting the clotting process
*Leukocytes & Thrombocytes make up less than 1% of blood volume
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Biconcave discs
Lack a nucleus
2 million enter circulation every second
Last about 120 days
Destroyed in the spleen and liver
White Blood Cells:
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Called Leukocytes
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Granular:
Have a nucleus
Classified as either granular or agranular
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Agranular WBC still have granules, but they are smaller and hard to see
Neutrophils
Eosinophil
Basophil
Agranular:
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Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Blood Groups and Blood Types:
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Blood groups are based on the presence or absence of certain antigens
Two major blood groups
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ABO
Rh
Rh Blood Group:
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Antigen was discovered in the blood of a Rhesus monkey
If you have the Rh antigen, you are RH+, if you lack it, you are RH-‐
Most common problem with Rh incompatibility: Hemolytic Disease of a Newborn (HDN)
Blood Disorders:
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Anemia
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Systemic Circulation:
Sickle-‐Cell Disease
Hemophilia
Leukemia
Circulation:
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Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body
Returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Pulmonary Circulation:
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Carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart and to the lungs
Returns oxygenated blood back to the heart
Heart
Structure of the Heart:
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Relatively small, about the size of a fist
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The pericardium surrounds and protects the heart
Rests on the diaphragm in the mediastinum and between the lungs
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Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium through the vena cava
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Blood moves into the right ventricle
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Blood goes out the pulmonary arteries and heads to the lungs
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Blood returns from the lungs and enters the left atrium
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Blood moves into the left ventricle
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Oxygenated blood moves out of the left ventricle through the aorta and to the body
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Starts and controls the rate of the heart contraction
Called the pacemaker
Atrioventricular (AV) Node:
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At lower part of the right atrium
Impulse slows here to let the atria finish contracting
Allows the ventricles to fill completely before they start contracting
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AV Bundle/Bundle of His:
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Bundle Branches:
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From the AV node down into the septum
Two forks of the AV bundle
Goes down to the apex of the heart
Purkinje Fibers:
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Allow the ventricular contraction to start at the apex and move up
Pushes the blood up to the arteries going out of the ventricle
Blood Vessels
Arteries:
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Vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Three main types:
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Elastic Arteries:
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Lots of elastic tissue
Can stretch and store elastic potential that is then converted to kinetic
energy in the blood
Muscular Arteries:
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Aorta and some major branches
Lots of smooth muscle tissue
Capable of more vasoconstriction and dilation than others
Arterioles:
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Smallest arteries
Can control amount of blood flow to different tissues through the use of
precapillary sphincters
Capillaries:
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Smallest blood vessels with the thinnest walls
Connect the smallest arterioles with venules
Thin walls allow for the exchange of materials between blood and cells
Capillary Beds:
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Networks of capillaries that supply blood to an area
It is possible to close of capillaries and not send blood to the entire area
Veins and Venules:
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Carries blood back to the heart
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Causes blood to exert a force against walls of vessels
Have thinner walls and larger lumens (hollow insides) than arteries
Blood pressure is lower in veins
Blood gets pushed back to the heart with assistance from skeletal muscle movements and
valves
Blood Pressure:
Blood Pressure (BP) is measured and recorded as two numbers:
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Systole -‐ pressure during ventricular contraction
Diastole -‐ pressure during ventricular relaxation
Title: The Cardiovascular System - Anatomy
Description: A comprehensive study guide of the cardiovascular system in human anatomy.
Description: A comprehensive study guide of the cardiovascular system in human anatomy.