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OCR Verse Set Text: for examination in June 2015
Selections from Virgil Aeneid 9: Nisus and Euryalus
Higher Tier
Lines 176-196, 308-323, 339-356, 367-445
Foundation Tier
Lines 308-323, 367-445
176-196

Important position guard of gate implies
danger/siege
...
Keen but rash
...

Older than
Euryalus
...


Patronymic

Hyrtacides, comitem Aeneae quem miserat Ida

Mountain in Troy - personified as a nymph
...


the son of Hyrtacus, the one whom Ida the huntress had sent as Aeneas' companion,
Hunting skills

uenatrix iaculo celerem leuibusque sagittis,
quick with the javelin and light arrows,

Ablative of Comparison

et iuxta comes Euryalus, quo pulchrior alter
and next to him his companion Euryalus, than whom no other was more handsome
Enclosing word order for added emphasis
...


ora puer prima signans intonsa iuuenta
...

Dative of possesion - 'to these men'

his amor unus erat pariterque in bella ruebant;

Imperfect verb suggests repeated action
...


together

These men shared one love and rushed together into battle;

Together and close in war (militaristic activities)

Enclosing word order to show guarding of the gate

tum quoque communi portam statione tenebant
...

Irregular
form of
deus

Signifies passion
...


Nisus ait: 'dine hunc ardorem mentibus addunt,
Nisus said: "Do the Gods add this passion to our spirits,

Contrast - emphatic by positioning
...

Between 'thing' and
'something'

Isolated to enforce
idea of bloodlust

aut pugnam aut aliquid iamdudum inuadere magnum
My mind has for a long time provoked me to charge into battle or some grand adventure
Hyperbaton emphasis by
placement at
beginning of line:
ENJAMBEMENT

Alliteration of 'm' sound
draws attention to great
mind

Alludes to Roman Stoic
concept of suppressing
desires
...


Tautological - calm rest - 2 words to describe same thing

mens agitat mihi, nec placida contenta quiete est
...

Foreshadowing - pride

cernis quae Rutulos habeat fiducia rerum:
You see how the Rutulians are confident in their situation:
Overconfidence and complacency - lamps are far apart
Suggests being off-guard
...


their lamps shine far apart, they are dissolved in sleep and wine

Suggests Rutullians are almost waiting to be killed
Hendiadys - word described by two
...

Foreshadowing of
them falling down
and collapsing

procubuere, silent late loca
...


and lay there, everywhere is quiet
...


Sibilance drawing attention to idea rising in his mind
...


A
Chiastic word
order
...

and men to be sent to him to inform him of what has happened
...

Nisus is highly
regarded by the
Romans
...
'

Site of Rome - asking for Evander's help

to the walls and ramparts of Pallanteum
...
nec non et pulcher Iulus,

Historic present
to increase
vividness of
action

with prayers
...

Open to interpretation and leaves
scope for disaste

omnia discerpunt et nubibus inrita donant
...

Historic
present

egressi superant fossas noctisque per umbram
Evocative
description of the
obstacles
...

Emphatic by
position:
emphasis by
enjambment
...


Hendiadys: 2 words
emphasizing unalert Rutullians

exitio
...


stretched out by sleep and wine, chariots uprighted on the shore,
3

Tricolon - implying complacency and overconfidence

inter lora rotasque uiros, simul arma iacere,

men among the leather harnesses and wheels, and also both the weapons
Anaphora of 'simul' implies and draws attention to
attacks on drunken people`

Patronymic

uina simul
...
First the son of Hyrtacus said this [with his mouth]:
Metaphor for sword
Vocative case
for direct
speech
...


Short, sharp
words
increase
pace
(monosyllabic
)
...


'Euryale, audendum dextra: nunc ipsa uocat res
...
Made emphatic by
enclosing word order

320

"Euryalus, it is time for your right hand to summon its courage: now the moment itself calls for this
...
tu, ne qua manus se attollere nobis
The path is this way
...


from behind, and keep an extended watch;
haec ego uasta dabo et lato te limite ducam
...


I will lay waste here and will lead you in a wide path
...


Reversal of word order allows sentence to finish on 'cruento' - leaves
lasting effect of blood
...
Juxtaposition of 'mutum' and 'fremit'
Strong word for emotion

nec minor Euryali caedes; incensus et ipse
No less was the slaughter of Euryalus; he himself also on fire

Shows
Euryalus'
position
amongst the
crowd- shows
small chance
of finding the
people he
wants

Shows that there were too many people present for the author to name

perfurit ac multam in medio sine nomine plebem, them
...


Juxtaposition to compare unawareness to mindfulness of Rhoetus
...
Shows
progression of Rhoetus

Vivid - PP

sed magnum metuens se post cratera tegebat
...

Hyperbole - emphasizes manner in
which Euryalus buried his sword

pectore in aduerso totum cui comminus ensem
Euryalus close up buried his whole sword in his enemy's chest
Metaphor for blood

condidit adsurgenti et multa morte recepit
...

purpuream uomit ille animam et cum sanguine mixta

'mixta' suggests mixed and abnormal word order

That man Rhoetus throws up his life in deep red,
Vomiting blood

uina refert moriens, hic furto feruidus instat
...

Casual - as if nothing has happened
...


355

'lux inimica' - personification and alludes to a sense of hostility

"Let us leave, for our enemy light is drawing close
...
'
Enough punishment has been drawn, and a path made through the enemy
...
EBP

ter centum, scutati omnes, Volcente magistro
...


Volcecns introduced as new character - leader of
the Rutullians

iamque propinquabant castris murosque subibant
And now they were approaching the camp, and going below the walls
Visual foreshadowing - trouble ahead

cum procul hos laeuo flectentis limite cernunt,
when they saw these [two men] from far off turning down a left hand path,
et galea Euryalum sublustri noctis in umbra
and the helmet betrayed the unmindful Euryalus glimmering in the shadow of the night
EBP
Helmet shining prodidit immemorem radiisque aduersa refulsit
...

their position

Litotes to emphasise the
impact this action had
...
conclamat ab agmine Volcens:

375

It was not seen to no avail
...
quae causa uiae? quiue estis in armis?
“Stand still, men
...
Monosyllabic
words emphasize the
interrogative nature of the
speech

quoue tenetis iter?' nihil illi tendere contra,
Where are you going?” Those men did not reply,
Foreshadowing misplaced
trust

sed celerare fugam in siluas et fidere nocti
...

obiciunt equites sese ad diuortia nota

Shows the small chances of survival for the two as the cavalrymen have
blocked the familiar junctions
...
380
on this side and that, and enclosed every entrance with a guard
...

the path barely shone through the secret pass
...

Euryalus, and fear deceived him in finding where to go
...
Negative adjectives to show the forest to be
an oppressive environment
...
on
Nisus
compared to
complex
description of
Euryalus'
escape
...

Changes setting and scene

Nisus abit; iamque imprudens euaserat hostis
Nisus was away; and now unawares he had escaped the enemy
Rome

atque locos qui post Albae de nomine dicti
and as he stood at the place which was afterwards called Alba, taken from the name
Albani (tum rex stabula alta Latinus habebat),

Implies Latinus' humble beginnings

of the Alban peace (at that time King Latinus had his lofty stables),
Foreshadowing (in vain)

ut stetit et frustra absentem respexit amicum: assonance draws attention to absent friend
he looked back for his missing friend in vain:

Hyperbaton : 'amicum; is at the end of the line, suggests Euryalus has coe
to the end of his life

'Euryale infelix, qua te regione reliqui?

390

“Unlucky Euryalus, in which place did I leave you behind?
Direct speech - rhetorical question

Concept of 'again' and repetition implies Nisus is
retracing his steps

quaue sequar?' rursus perplexum iter omne reuoluens

Which path shall I follow?” Thinking back again over his whole complicated journey
Shows emphasis still lies on the landscape

Transferred epithet

fallacis siluae simul et uestigia retro
through the deceptive wood, at the same time he looked back over
obseruata legit dumisque silentibus errat
...

1

2

3

audit equos, audit strepitus et signa sequentum;

Tricolon to emphasize the thoughts of Nisus
...
Historic present makes phrase more vivid

He heard horses, he heard noises and the signs of people following;
nec longum in medio tempus, cum clamor ad auris
it was not a long time in the course of this when a shout

Historic
present for
added pace
and speed

peruenit ac uidet Euryalum, quem iam manus omnis
reached his ears and he saw Euryalus, whom now

395

Pathetic iron:
night was
previously their
ally but now it has
deceived them

fraude loci et noctis, subito turbante tumultu,
overpowered, due the treachery of the place and the night, with a din suddenly bewildering him,
oppressum rapit et conantem plurima frustra
...

1
Jussive
subjunctive
expressive of
question

2

Tricolon crescendo - Tricolon increasing in word length - emphasis
placed on last phrase
...
Emphatic of relationship
like Achilles and Patroculus
...


“You, goddess, you be here and come to our aid in this toil of ours,
Highlight who the goddess is

405

Prayer Format
1) Direct address to the goddess
e
...
Diana - goddess of the hunt
2) Offering made
3) Help/aid requested

glory of the stars and guard of the groves, daughter of Latona
...
'
allow me to throw this band of men into chaos and guide my spears through the air
...
Emphasize hurling of spear

dixerat et toto conixus corpore ferrum

410

He said this and hurled the spear with his whole body
...
hasta uolans noctis diuerberat umbras
The flying spear cleaved through the shadows of the night
By naming, it suggests importance of the deceased person
...

it broke, and pierced his heart with its split shaft
...
Contrast
to calidum

frigidus et longis singultibus ilia pulsat
...

Emphasis for more bloodlust

Amplifies the
action as they
don't know
where the
arrow came
from

diuersi circumspiciunt
...
This same man became so much the keener,
Change of scene setting
...

look, he balanced another spear on the top of his ear
...

PP adds
vividness

stridens traiectoque haesit tepefacta cerebro
...


Homeric and graphic descriptions of violence
...
Emphatic of his state of mind

auctorem nec quo se ardens immittere possit
...

Direct
address from
Volcens to
Euryalus by
means of
physical
encounter

'tu tamen interea calido mihi sanguine poenas

Emphasized by being at the end of the line - shows price to be paid

“You however will pay me the price for the crimes of the both of you
Enjambement

persolues amborum' inquit; simul ense recluso
with your hot blood,” he said; at the same time with his sword drawn
ibat in Euryalum
...
Then truly terrified, out of his mind,
Couldn't bare guilt by concealing himself

conclamat Nisus nec se celare tenebris

425

Nisus shouted out and could not hide himself in the darkness
Emphasizing concern for Euryalus

Enclosing word order emphatic of the grief that Nisus is facing

amplius aut tantum potuit perferre dolorem:
any more, nor could he tolerate so much grief:
'me, me, adsum qui feci, in me conuertite ferrum,
Anaphora of
me(a) shows
responsibility

Short monosyllabic wording indicative of desperation via repetition

It’s me, me, I’m here, the man who did this, turn your sword upon me,
Taking ownership and responsibility of his actions

o Rutuli! mea fraus omnis, nihil iste nec ausus
Rutulians! It is all my offence, none of it his since he neither dared
nec potuit; caelum hoc et conscia sidera testor;

Appeal to God to support his confession

nor could do it; I call as witness this sky and the knowing stars;
tantum infelicem nimium dilexit amicum
...
”

Tricolon of negative words show Nisus' guilt at that
point in time
...

Nisus' plea was in vain due to the death of
Euryalus
...

went straight through the ribs and burst into the white chest
...


uoluitur Euryalus leto, pulchrosque per artus
Euryalus rolled over in death, and down his handsome limbs

Graphic descriptions resonate more with the audience
...

Made emphatic by contrast of the vibrancy of
the flower and its death

PP to add vividness
EBP

languescit moriens, lassoue papauera collo
becomes weak as it dies, or a poppy drops its head by its exhausted stem

Metaphor (simile) used to depict the death of
Euryalus

demisere caput pluuia cum forte grauantur
...

Change of
subject by
strong
adversative
word

at Nisus ruit in medios solumque per omnis
But Nisus charged through the middle of them, and made for Volcens from among them all,
Polyptoton of solo emphatic of Nisus'
determination

Volcentem petit, in solo Volcente moratur
...

Shows Nisus is outnumbered in his efforts
...

Enjambement
to add tension

Juxtaposition of the intentions of both sides
...


proturbant
...

is suspended
very briefly
and as he died he stole away his enemy’s life spirit too
...

and rested there at last in peaceful death

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