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Gemma Bridge

Chapter 6

27/08/2015

Exercise and the Immune System
1
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The innate immune system is what humans and animals are born with
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The innate immune system provides us with defense against
both external and internal foreign invaders
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Any invader that crosses the physical barriers meets the second line of defense made up of cellular
components and complement proteins
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The acquired immune system works with the innate immune system and is
made up of specialized cells and processes that act to prevent or eliminate invading pathogens
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The acquired immune system is adaptive and
thus allows our bodies to recognize specific pathogens, remember them and mount stronger attacks to future invasions
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Define the key components that make up the innate immune system (e
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macrophages), and describe how
these elements protect against infection
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and aid recovery
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helping the tissue to return
to its normal state
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hypersensitivity reactions
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pathogens
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Natural killer cell
Bone marrow Bind to cancerous and virus Prevents the spread of
infected cells and kills them
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Complement system- composed of Liver
Activated proteins recognize Reactions kill pathogens as
over 20 proteins
foreign bodies and trigger a result of MAC’s
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also enhance the function
of other cells and alert the
immune system that the
body is under attack
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List the primary components of the acquired immune system (e
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B cells) and explain how they protect us
against infection
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Combat bacterial and viral infections by
secreting antibodies into the blood
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Recognize protein antigens
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T
cells
T
Regulate the immune system to inhibit responses to self antigens and foreign
regulatory benign antigens
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cells
T helper Secrete cytokines that increase the response of other immune cells
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Describe the differences between acute and chronic inflammation
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The inflammatory response aims to restore
homeostasis by helping injured tissues to return to their normal state
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Clinically acute inflammation presents as redness, heat,
swelling and pain in a small area
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Gemma Bridge

Chapter 6

27/08/2015

Conversely, chronic inflammation is longer term, and in some instances unending
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Chronic inflammation is associated with increased acute-phase proteins which can increase the risk of other diseases
such as heart disease
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High grade chronic inflammation
occurs in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, whereas low grade chronic inflammation is more common in
people with obesity
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5
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Exercise can have both a positive and negative effect on the risk of infection depending on the duration and the intensity
of the activity
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With research to suggest that those who engage in
regular bouts of moderate aerobic exercise (i
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20-40 minutes of exercise at 40-60% VO2 max per day) catch fewer
colds than sedentary individuals
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Exercise bouts transiently increase blood levels of natural killer T cells, neutrophils and antibodies 
positively boosting the innate and adaptive immune systems
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Improved psychological wellbeing  less stress
3
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Explain how an acute bout of exercise and prolonged exercise affects immune function and the risk of infection
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This is
supported by research with numerous studies supporting the concept that intensive endurance training increases the
number of URTI’s when compared to URTI incidence in sedentary individuals or those doing moderate exercise
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There are again a number of explanations for why intense/ prolonged exercise increases disease risk which all result in a
depression of the immune system’s ability to defend against invading pathogens;
1
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Decreased activity of T cells
3
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Increased pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines
The reason for the immune suppression post exercise (which is again transient and usually only lasts between 3-24
hours) is likely the result of increased concentrations of stress hormones such as cortisol which have
immunosuppressive effects
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Reduced sleep
2
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Increased exposure to pathogens due to travelling/ large crowds/ air travel
4
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Discuss the impact of exercise in hot, cold and high altitude environments on the immune system and the risk of
infection
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As stress hormones can
depress immune function, it is hypothesized that extreme environments may increase infection risk
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Gemma Bridge

Chapter 6

27/08/2015

HOT ENVIRONMENTS: It has been found that although exercise in the heat can increase levels of circulatory
stress hormones, exercise in the heat does not pose any greater threat to immune function when compared to
exercise in cooler environments
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In fact there is research to suggest that cold environments may even increase circulating white blood cells and
thus may even support the immune system
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ALTITUDE: There is evidence that prolonged altitude exposure can increase infection risk
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8
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There is often uncertainty as to whether a bout of exercise will worsen an illness or improve it
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e
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However if your cold symptoms are below the neck- i
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chest congestion, cough or stomach pain, then you
should not exercise
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