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Title: Algorithm and Data Structure
Description: Introduction to Algorithm and Data Structure
Description: Introduction to Algorithm and Data Structure
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2/23/2015
ALGORITHMS AND FLOWCHARTS
A typical programming task can be divided into two
phases:
Problem solving phase
produce an ordered sequence of steps that describe solution of
problem
this sequence of steps is called an algorithm
Implementation phase
ALGORITHMS AND PROBLEM-SOLVING
STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING
First produce a general algorithm (one can use pseudocode)
Refine the algorithm successively to get step by step detailed
algorithm that is very close to a computer language
...
The final grade is calculated as the average of four
marks
...
Pseudocode is very similar to
everyday English
...
(Technical) A graphical representation of the sequence of operations in an
information system or program
...
Program flowcharts show the sequence of instructions in a single program or
subroutine
...
THE FLOWCHART
A Flowchart
shows logic of an algorithm
emphasizes individual steps and their interconnections
e
...
control flow from one action to the next
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2/23/2015
FLOWCHART SYMBOLS
EXAMPLE
Basic
Name
Oval
Symbol
START
Step 1: Input M1,M2,M3,M4
Step 2: GRADE = (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4
Step 3: if (GRADE <50) then
Print “FAIL”
else
Print “PASS”
endif
Use in Flowchart
Input
M1,M2,M3,M4
Denotes the beginning or end of the program
Parallelogram
Denotes an input operation
Rectangle
Denotes a process to be carried out
e
...
addition, subtraction, division etc
...
The program should continue along one of
two routes
...
g
...
Pseudocode:
Algorithm
START
Step 1: Input Lft
Input the length in feet (Lft)
Step 2:
Lcm = Lft x 30
Calculate the length in cm (Lcm) by multiplying LFT with 30
Step 3:
Print Lcm
Print length in cm (LCM)
Input
Lft
Lcm = Lft x 30
Lcm
STOP
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EXAMPLE 3
EXAMPLE 3
Algorithm
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that will read the two
sides of a rectangle and calculate its area
...
Greater than or equal to
endif
ALGORITHM
Step 1: Input VALUE1, VALUE2
Step 2:
if (VALUE1 > VALUE2) then
MAX = VALUE1
else
MAX = VALUE2
endif
Step 3: Print “The largest value is”, MAX
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EXAMPLE 5
NESTED IFS
START
Input
VALUE1,VALUE2
Y
MAX
is
VALUE1>VALUE2
= VALUE1
MAX
One of the alternatives within an IF–THEN–ELSE statement
may involve further IF–THEN–ELSE statement
N
= VALUE2
“ The largest value is” ,
MAX
STOP
EXAMPLE 6
EXAMPLE 6
Step 1: Input
N1, N2, N3
Step 2: if (N1>N2) then
if (N1>N3) then
Write an algorithm that reads three numbers and prints the value of the largest
number
...
determine the bonus payment (PAYMENT)
Title: Algorithm and Data Structure
Description: Introduction to Algorithm and Data Structure
Description: Introduction to Algorithm and Data Structure