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Mid-Year Exam English Guide
• Glossary of Literary Terms
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Caricature: and absurd portrait exaggerating features
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Catastrophe: falling action of a tragedy
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Cliché: once surprising phrase, now just a repetition
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Climax: the greatest interest, highest tension (turning point)
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Coherence: progressive and logical arrangement of ideas
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Comic Relief: humorous scene to relief tension
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Comparison and Contrast: to note similarities and differences
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Connotations: suggestions that a word/work evokes
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Dialogue: conversation between 2 or more characters
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Diction: the vocabulary used in writing
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Dilemma: situation facing 2, not desirable, choices
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Dramatic Irony: reader has info that characters don’t
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Epiphany: something revealed or understood by an action
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Episode: an incident presented as one continuous action
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Euphemism: a delicate word used instead of the offensive
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Exposition: when information is given and conflict is introduced
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External Conflict: struggle between a person and an outside force
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Fable: story with animal characters, it teaches a lesson
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Fiction: narrative writing telling a story from imagination
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Flashback: a past scene that interrupts the present
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Genre: a type of writing
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Hyperbole: exaggeration or overstatement
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Idiom: phrase or expression not ordinary understood
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Imagery: language appealing the 5 senses
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Internal Conflict: a struggle in a person’s mind
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Metaphor: comparison between unlike things with “is”
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Monologue: words spoken by a character to himself
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Mood: a general feeling or atmosphere
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Motif: a recurrent theme
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Onomatopoeia: used of words with pronunciation or sounds
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Oxymoron: use of 2 contradictory terms to express a paradox
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Persona: an adopted personality, character or voice of writer
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Prose: anything not poetry
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Resolution: conclusion of story where conflict ends
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Sarcasm: crudely mocking, heavy verbal irony
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Setting: time and place of the action of the story
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Situational Irony: what happens is different from what’s expected
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Soliloquy: talk by a person who is alone
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Syntax: arrangement of words
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Transition: movement and development
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Verbal Irony: when they say something, but means something else
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Voice: a literary creation, part of the poem, a speaker or mask
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17-18
▪ It began in the 18th century in England
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18 century novel: realistic portrayal of the world, convincing
characters, growing spirits of individualization
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▪ 19th century short stories: Brothers Grimm Fairy Tales and Edgar
Alan Poe
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In 1790,
copyright laws protected American writers only
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• Setting

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It refers to the time, geographical locations, general environment
and circumstances
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Integral Setting: has time and place (historical fiction)
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It includes
physical attributes and the character’s personality
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▪ Direct (explicit) characterization: author tells the audience what
the character is like
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▪ Common examples of characterization: online dating, police lineups crimes
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It is used to highlight qualities
of the other
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▪ It isn’t necessary the antagonist, the foil’s character is in
opposition to the protagonist
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The term “foil” comes from
concept of foil behind gemstone to make it look brilliant
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• 6 Common Character Types:
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Dynamic Character: changes during the story (Christmas carol)
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Round Character: well-developed, shows varied and

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Static Character: remains the same through story (always lazy)
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(dumb jock, old librarian)
• Conflict

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It is necessary to propel a narrative
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Man vs
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Man vs
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Man vs
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Man vs
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Man vs
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Man vs
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It isn’t necessarily bad
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• Point of View
▪ Stories must have a storyteller, a narrative voice
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▪ 1st Person: directly addresses to reader
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Credibility, immediacy and
higher emotions
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It dramatizes, interprets, judges… has
readers attention
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Direct
access through dialogue, monologue… narrator tells story from
sidelines
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Show not tell
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• Symbolism
▪ It means more than what it is
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▪ A symbol may have more than 1 meaning
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• Motif in Literature: a motif can be an element or idea that repeats (red
color)
▪ It can be a contrast like “dark and light”, help you understand
theme of the story
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▪ Tip: if you have some symbols and motifs, and don’t know the
theme, try inserting a verb
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Irony and
sarcasm aren’t the same
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▪ Types of Irony:
o Verbal: speaker says something in contrast to meaning
o Dramatic: audience has more info than characters

o Situational: outcome different than expected
o Cosmic: “irony of fate”, contains gods
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▪ Examples irony in literature: Romeo and Juliet: dramatic
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• Emotion & Humour
▪ A truly story pursues emotion indirectly
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It oversimplifies and sweetens life to
get the feeling
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• Suspense
▪ Suspense is the quality of the story, increased when curiosity is
paired with anxiety
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▪ Suspense is connected to surprise, especially providing
illumination
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Ordinary laws of nature are suspended
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• The Scale of Value
▪ Good reading involves criticism
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2 basic analysis principles for literature:
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