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Title: Grade 10 Chemistry
Description: Experience in chemistry, studied at University of Toronto schools. Grade 10 Chemistry notes.
Description: Experience in chemistry, studied at University of Toronto schools. Grade 10 Chemistry notes.
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Chemistry Notes
Forms of Matter
Matter
Mixture
Homogenous
Heterogeneous
Periodic Table
Representative Transition Elements
Pure Substances
Elements
Compounds
Metals, Non-Metals and Metalloids
Classification
Metals
Non-metals
Metalloids
Properties
-
High conductivity
High density
Shiny
Lustrous
Lose electrons
Malleable/ductile
Solid at room temp
...
In this example, the number 24 is used to show the mass number of the atom, this
being the total number of neutrons and protons considered to be present in the
nucleus
...
The atomic
number 12 comes from 12 protons+12 neutrons
...
Definitions
Isotope: Each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal
number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei
...
Unstable Atom: When an atom is unstable, it becomes radioactive
...
An unstable nucleus will continually vibrate, contort and
attempt to reach stability by: ejecting neutrons/protons, converting one to the other
with the ejection of beta particle, the release of additional energy by
photon/gamma ray
...
Isotopes are atoms with different numbers of neutrons
...
Atoms with the same number of protons and electrons are described as neutral
...
An atom with six protons and five electrons would have a charge of +1
...
Drawn in clockwise order
...
Examples:
a) Lithium
b) Fluorine
c) Calcium
d) Selenium
Octet Rule:
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
Ion: an atom that has lost or gained electron(s) is a charged particle (ion)
...
Anion: atom that has gained electrons has a negative (-) charge
...
2
...
4
...
6
...
Contain a chemical bond between two non-metals
2
...
Covalent compounds have an overall neutral charge
Examples:
a) Carbon and Oxygen (2)
b) Hydrogen (2) and Oxygen
Nomenclature
Examples:
Identify 3 elements with one cation: Hydrogen, Lithium, Sodium
Identify 3 elements with one anion: Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine
Three elements that form more than one cation: Iron, Copper, Silver
Ionic and Covalent Bonds
How do Ionic Bonds form?
With a metal & a non-‐metal
...
Formula Unit: Smallest amount of an ionic compound possible
...
Why do ionic compounds form lattice structures?
They do this do to having each cation surrounded by several anions and each
anion surrounded by several anions
...
There is no force
keeping them together to form a lattice
...
Conclusion:
In an ionic structure, the formula unit represents the smallest whole
number ratio between metals and non-‐metals
...
In a molecular structure, the strength in the bonds between atoms
is strong
...
Balancing chemical
equations requires that there is the same number of atoms on the reactant
side as there are on the product side
...
Is always
involved
...
Endothermic Reaction: When a system is more stable when it absorbs
energy and therefore a reaction occurs
...
e
...
Examples:
H2O (s) -‐ H2O (l)
melting
H2O (s) -‐ H2O (g)
sublimation
C2H5OH (l) -‐ C2H5OH (g)
evaporation
NH3 (g) -‐ NH3 (l)
condensation
Chemical Reaction: Atoms or groups of atoms rearrange resulting in
breaking and forming some chemical bonds
...
e
...
)
Reactants: Substances undergoing changes
...
Catalyst: A substance that increases the rate of reaction but is not consumed
by the reactions
...
Types of Reactions
Synthesis: “Put things together”, always yield one product from two or more
reactants
...
e
...
Compounds that are unstable will decompose quickly without outside
assistance
...
I
...
XY = X +Y
Single Displacement: Swap one element of an ionic compound with another
element
...
If the anion is being swapped, you
should use the periodic table
...
The activity series is used to predict
when a single displacement reaction will occur
...
e
...
Ionic
compounds tend to dissociate in solution, so such reaction can only occur
when each elements have a pull towards each other that makes them a
compound that is more stable than the compound made with the previous
element
...
Cations of two different compounds change
places forming two new compounds:
I
...
WX + YX = WZ + YX (note that metals must go first a
...
a
...
Neutralization is a double displacement reaction between an acid and a
base that produces water
...
The products are
carbon dioxide, water, and possible other waste products
...
If there is not enough oxygen, the reaction may
not occur
...
Complete Combustion: when conditions are right for the maximum amount of
oxygen to react with the hydrocarbon
...
I
...
C3H8 + 5O2 = 3 CO2 +4 H2O
Incomplete Combustion: when less than the maximum amount of oxygen
reacts with the hydrocarbon
...
I
...
4CH4 + 6O2 = C+ 2CO + CO2 + 8H2O
Acids and Bases
Arrhenius Base: a compound that releases hydroxide ions (OH-‐) in aqueous
solutions
...
Taste bitter,
feels slippery and contain electrolytes
...
I
...
NaOH (aq) -‐ Na+ (aq) + Cl-‐ (aq)
Ca [OH]2 (s) is a weak base ( ~10-‐1%)
Arrhenius Acid: a compound that releases hydrogen ions/protons (H+) in aqueous
solutions
...
Taste sour, feels like water and
contains electrolytes
...
I
...
HCl (aq) -‐ H+ (aq) + Cl-‐ (aq) [100%]
Binary Acid: hydro acid
...
pH Scale: potential for hydrogen
...
A compound with a pH of 7 is neutral
...
Title: Grade 10 Chemistry
Description: Experience in chemistry, studied at University of Toronto schools. Grade 10 Chemistry notes.
Description: Experience in chemistry, studied at University of Toronto schools. Grade 10 Chemistry notes.