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Cells: Structure and Function
Chapter 3
Cells: Structure and Function
▪ Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life
▪ Cells are the building blocks of all living things
▪ The human body is made up of between 50 to 100 trillion
cells
▪ The Cell Theory
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
Cells are made up of 4 element: __, __, __, __
...
Prokaryotic
2
...
Anatomy of the Cell
▪ Cells are not all the same
▪ All cells share general structures
▪ Cells are organized into three main
regions
▪ Nucleus
▪ Plasma membrane
▪ Cytoplasm
The Nucleus
▪ Control center of the cell
▪ Contains genetic material known as DNA
which is required for protein synthesis and
cellular reproduction
▪ Three regions
▪ Nuclear membrane (envelope)
▪ Nucleolus
▪ Chromatin
The Nucleus
___________
_________
__________
________ ________
______ ____
Figure 3
...
C___________
▪ Fluid that suspends other elements
2
...
I____________
▪ Non-functioning units (stored nutrients, cell
products)
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Figure 3
...
▪ Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be
used as fuels in cellular respiration, but glucose
is most commonly used as an example to
examine the reactions and pathways involved
...
Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol
...
The Krebs Cycle takes place in the
matrix of the mitochondria
...
Oxidative phosphorylation via the
electon transport chain is carried out on
the inner mitochondrial membrane
...
Both of these occur in the cytosol
A Graphic
Glycolysis
▪ In glycolysis a 6-carbon sugar (e
...
glucose) is
broken down into two 3-carbon pyruvates
...
Rough E________ R_______
▪
▪
2
...
Free in the
cytoplasm
2
...
7a
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Centrioles
▪ Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules
▪ Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
Cell Extension: Cilia, Flagella, Microvilli
▪
Not found in all cells!!
▪
Used for movement
1
...
moves materials across the cell surface
Found in the respiratory system to move mucus
Flagellum
▪
▪
3
...
8b
Cell Diversity
Some Terms We Need to know to Discuss
Transport
Solution
▪ homogeneous mixture of two or more components
Solvent – dissolving medium(typically water in the
human body)
Solute – components that dissolve into the solvent
Intra cellular fluid
▪ fluid inside the cell
Extra cellular fluid
▪ fluid outside the cell
Selective Permeability
▪ The plasma membrane allows some materials
to pass in and out of the cell while excluding
others
Selective Permeability
▪ For example:
▪ Nutrients can enter the cell
▪ Undesirable substances are kept out
Cellular Physiology: Membrane Transport
Membrane Transport
▪ movement of substances in and out of
the cell
Transport is by two basic methods
1
...
Active transport
▪ Cell must provide energy
Passive Transport Processes
1
...
a) Simple diffusion
▪ Unassisted process
▪ Solutes are lipid-soluble materials
or
▪ small enough to pass through membrane pores
Passive Transport Processes
Types of diffusion
1
...
c) Facilitated diffusion
▪ Transports lipid-insoluble and large substances
▪ Glucose is transported via facilitated diffusion
▪ Substances require a protein channel to move across membrane
Passive Transport Processes
Outside the Cell
Protein
Insoluble in lipids
Soluble in lipids
Inside the Cell
Passive Transport Processes
2
...
▪
too large
▪
not able to dissolve in the fat core of the
membrane
▪
have to move against a concentration
gradient (moving from low to high
concentration)
Two common forms of active transport:
1
...
Bulk transport
Active Transport Processes
Solute pumping
▪ ATP energizes protein carriers, and in
most cases, moves substances against
concentration gradients
▪ Amino acids, some sugars and ions
are transported by solute pumps
Active Transport Processes
Bulk transport
a) Exocytosis
▪ Moves materials OUT of the cell
▪ Material is carried in a vesicle
▪ Vesicle moves to plasma membrane
▪ Vesicle combines with membrane
▪ Material is emptied to the outside
Exocytosis
Figure 3
...
Phagocytosis – cell eating
2
...
13a
Cell Life Cycle
Cell life cycle has two major time periods
1
...
Cell division
▪ Mitosis (duplicate the DNA)
▪ Cytokinesis (duplicate cell organelles)
*** Produces more cells for growth and
repair of body
Cell Life Cycle- Interphase
▪
Cell functions normally (lots of biochemical activity)
▪
Cell grows
▪
At the end, DNA is replicated (DNA found in chromatin)
▪
Once replicated they form sister chromatid joined by a centromere; together this is the
chromosome
Centrioles
Plasma
membrane
Chromatin
Nuclear
envelope
Nucleolus
Interphase
DNA Replication
▪ DNA uncoils and
each side serves
as a template
▪ Results in two
copies of DNA
Figure 3
...
Mitosis
▪
Division of the nucleus
▪
Results in the formation of two daughter nuclei
▪
Has four stages:
a) Prophase
b) Metaphase
c) Anaphase
d) Telophase
Stages of Mitosis : P_____________
▪ First stage of cell division
▪ Centrioles migrate to the poles
▪ DNA condenses into chromosomes
Centrioles
Centrioles
Plasma
membrane
Chromatin
Nuclear
envelope
Nucleolus
Interphase
Forming
mitotic
spindle
Chromosome,
consisting of two
sister chromatids
Early prophase
Centromere
Spindle
microtubules
Fragments of
nuclear envelope
Late prophase
Centromere
Spindle
pole
Stage of Mitosis – T___________
▪ Daughter nuclei begin forming
▪ A cleavage furrow (for cytokinesis) begins to form
Spindle
Nucleolus
forming
Metaphase
plate
Cleavage
furrow
Sister
chromatids
Metaphase
Daughter
chromosomes
Anaphase
Nuclear
envelope
forming
Telophase and cytokinesis
Stages of Mitosis
Cell division
2
...
4
Protein Synthesis
▪ DNA contains the blueprint for making
proteins
BUT
1
...
Delivered to ribosomes
▪ RNA does both
Role of RNA
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
▪ Differs from DNA in two ways:
1
...
Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T)
▪ There are three types of RNA involved
with protein synthesis…
Role of RNA
T__________ RNA (tRNA)
▪ Brings amino acids to the ribosome
R__________ RNA (rRNA)
▪ Part of ribosomes
M__________ (mRNA)
▪ Carries decoded instructions from nucleus to
ribosomes
Protein Synthesis
Two major phases:
1
...
T________________
▪ “Messenger” phase
▪ mRNA translates its sequence into an
amino acid sequence
▪ Protein is built
Protein Synthesis
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
mRNA
Ribosome
Protein Synthesis
Gly
Met
Growing protein
Ser
tRNA
Phe
Ala
Codon (3 nucleotides)
U
G
C
C
A
G
A
U
mRNA
Protein Synthesis
Gly
Gly
tRNA
Phe
Phe
Ala
Ala
G
Ser
Growing protein
Ser
U
Met
C
Met
Codon (3 nucleotides)
C
A
G
A
U
mRNA