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Title: SQA NAT 5 Unit 1 Course Notes for Chemistry
Description: SQA NAT 5 Unit 1 Course Notes for Chemistry 4th year
Description: SQA NAT 5 Unit 1 Course Notes for Chemistry 4th year
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ISOTOPES
REACTION RATES
Average Rate
Of reaction
=
Atoms of the same element always have the same number of protons (same
atomic number)
Measured change
Atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons are called
isotopes
Time Taken for Change
35
MEASURED CHANGE
Mass of reactants / g
Volume of gas produced / cm3
Concentration / mol -1
UNIT
g s-1
Cm3 s-1
Mol-1 s-1
Change in mass
0
...
75-0
...
5 = 0
...
No
...
of Electrons
Mass No
...
of Neutrons
17Cl
Cl
17
17
17
35
18
37
17Cl
Cl
17
17
17
37
20
SAME
SAME
SAME
SAME
DIFFERENT
DIFFERENT
20
ELECTRON CLOUDS
0
...
0
...
1ST – The electron cloud I shaped like a sphere (He & H ONLY)
NUCLIDE NOTATION
Atomic No
...
Mass No
...
No
...
No
...
– Atomic No
...
of Electrons = Bottom No
...
One electron is half-filled
cloud is unpaired; two electrons in a filled cloud are paired
...
H-H, F-F, Cl-Cl, Br-Br, I-I
O
O
o
H
In Oxygen, the two atoms in the molecule share electrons to form two
covalent bonds
...
N=N
H
ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS
Phosphorus Fluoride
Protons give a positive charge to the nucleus
...
In a covalent bond, the electrons that are being shared are attracted to the
positive nuclei
...
SHAPES OF MOLECULES
Negative charge of electrons being shared
...
E
...
Hydrogen Chloride HCl
...
Some molecules are 2D (Flat) E
...
Water
O
H
Others are 3D
...
g
...
Use S, V, S, D, F
...
g
...
17
8
13
35
17Cl
28O
27
3+
13Al
18
Lithium Chloride
Li 2, 1
MASS NO
...
OF
PROTONS
17
8
13
NO
...
OF
ELECTRONS
18
10
10
Cl 2, 8, 7
FORMULA MASS
Formula mass is used to find the mole of a chemical/compound
...
g
...
Nx2=14x2=36
Hx4=1x4 = 6
Number of atoms in compound
...
Must remember amu unless you are
working out gram formula mass in
which you replace amu with g
...
of moles
c
v
Volume (l)
Formula mass
No
...
2 x 0
...
02mol
C=N
C=N
V
V
8
Cx1=12x1= 12
Ox3=16x3= 48
96amu
C=1
3mol of H2
Hx2=1x2=2amu
m=n x FM
m=3 x 2
0
...
5mol l-1
6
...
6
Ox4=16x4=64
112
112amu
n=0
...
5 x 0
...
1 x 69
N=0
...
9g
CALCULATIONS BASED ON EQUATIONS
SPECTATOR IONS
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g)
CO2 + 2H2O
Reaction of a dilute acid with an alkali
...
g
...
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)
NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
2: Identify the No
...
3: Work out m=n x FM for both substances
This equation can be rewritten to show the ions present
...
M=n x FM
M=n x FM
M=1 x 16
M=1 x 44
H+ (aq) and Cl- (aq)
+
Na+ (aq) and OH- (aq)
M=16g
M=44g
Na+ (aq) and Cl- (aq)
+
H2O (l)
4: Use proportion to work out the solution
...
These ions
are both spectator ions and can be cancelled out to show the actual reaction
taking place
...
g
...
5 x Vol x 1 = 0
...
1 x 25 = 5cm3
0
...
It is called an ion equation
...
The ion equation is the same for the
neutralisation of any acid with any alkali
Title: SQA NAT 5 Unit 1 Course Notes for Chemistry
Description: SQA NAT 5 Unit 1 Course Notes for Chemistry 4th year
Description: SQA NAT 5 Unit 1 Course Notes for Chemistry 4th year