Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

LONGMAN

PRONUNCIATION

DICTIONARY
STUDY GUIDE
Clare Fletcher

Longman

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

1

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
Longman Group UK Limited
Longman House, Burnt Mill, Harlow,
Essex CM20 2JE, England
and Associated Companies throughout the world
...

ISBN 0 582 05386
...
, Bungay, Suffolk
...
lib
...
lib
...
Characters used in phonemic transcription
2
...
Alternative pronunciations
DIAGNOSTIC EXERCISE
ALTERNATIVES AT THE BEGINNING OF A WORD
ALTERNATIVES AT TH E END OF A WORD
ALTERNATIVES IN THE MIDDLE OF A WORD
COMBINATIONS OF ALTERNATIVES

4
...


6
...


ALTERNATIVE PRONUNCIATIONS INVOLVING THE SYMBOL ▪
QUIZ ON ALTERNATIVE PRONUNCIATIONS
Inflected and derived words
APPLICATION EXERCISES ON LAYOUT OF ENTRIES
...
INFLECTIONS AND DERIVED FORMS
Optional sounds
SOUNDS SHOWN IN ITALICS: ELISION
SOUNDS SHOWN BY RAISED LETTERS: INSERTION
CONVERSATION FOR STUDY: OPTIONAL SOUNDS
Syllabic consonants
Compression
COMPRESSION INVOLVING A CONSONANT
COM PRESSION INVOLVING A VOWEL
CONVERSATION FOR STUDY: SYLLABIC CONSONANTS AND
COMPRESSION

Part B: Stress in words and phrases
8
...
Stress marking
PRIMARY STRESS
SECONDARY AND PRIMARY STKKSS
TERTIARY STRESS
MIXED PATTERNS
10
...
Compounds and phrases
12
...
Suffixes
Part C: Aspects of pronunciation in the dictionary
14
...
Homophones
16
...
Names of people and places
18
...
Pronunciations derived by rule
20
...
Combining forms
Key to Exercises

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

ex
...
9-11
ex
...
13
ex
...
15
ex
...
17
ex
...
19-20
ex
...
23-26
ex
...
28
ex
...
32-35
ex
...
38

ex
...
44-45
ex
...
48-50
ex
...
54-58
ex
...
64-66
ex
...
70-75
ex
...
78
ex
...
80
ex
...
82-83
ex
...
85
ex
...
87-88

3

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

INTRODUCTION
This study guide enables readers to make the best use of the Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
...

WHAT THE STUDY GUIDE CONTAINS
Discussion of features of English pronunciation shown in the dictionary and explanation of the
conventions used to show them
...

Cross-references to relevant material in the dictionary's introduction and notes
...

Explicit statements of aims to show the purpose of each exercise
...

The cassette provides three types of material:
Illustration of pronunciations you see in the book and dictionary
...

A means of checking your answers to certain exercises
...

Planning a programme
Look at the Contents List
...

Look at the aims of sections and of specific exercises
...

Using the commentary and exercises
It is always helpful to say the pronunciations you are reading, to make them clear and to fix
them in your memory
...
But
if you are working by yourself, or with others also using the study guide, make a habit of saying
the pronunciations
...
In some exercises,
the words to look up begin with the same letter, to speed up the search
...

Look up cross-references to the introduction or notes in the dictionary, if you want to take a
point further
...
lib
...
lib
...
lib
...
lib
...
The sounds and key words are recorded on the cassette, followed
by the vowel sounds in sequence
...
g
...

Time yourself as you do this exercise
...
Write
its number next to the word
...

a
...
5
...
krɪ ˈeɪt ɔ
2
...
billow
...
ˈɒ rɪnʤ
4
...
chose
...
ə ˈweɪt
6
...
creature
...
bɪ ˈləʊ
8
...
drudge
...

finishing time:

...


9
...
hɑːt

f
...


11
...
ˈbɪl əʊ

g
...


13
...
ˈæv ɪd

h
...


15
...
ˈsɑːʤ ənt

i
...


17
...
drʌʤ

j
...


19
...
hɜːt

Check your answers to exercise 1 with the key at the back of the book
...
lib
...
lib
...

EXERCISE 2
Look back at the transcriptions in exercise 1
...

EXERCISE 3
Which word does each of the transcriptions below represent? Circle the correct word
...
The first one is done for you
...
aɪs

A
eyes

B
ice

2
...
səʊl

soil

soul

4
...
əˈvɪɔd

avoid

evade

6
...
ˈpəʊz ɪz

possess

poses

8
...
ˈluːv ə

louvre

lover

10
...

EXERCISE 4
Look back at the pairs of words given in exercise 3
...

EXERCISE 5
Read the transcriptions below, and then listen to the eight words on the cassette
...
The first one is
done for you
...
ˈleð ə

e
...


liːd ə

m
...
ˈwɒʃ ɪŋ

f
...


eɪʤ

n
...
kæ ˈʃɪə

g
...
ˈɒl ɪv

d
...
eʤ

l
...
i
...
luːz
p
...
3
...
5
...
7
...


EXERCISE 6
Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

7

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
Look back at transcriptions a-p in exercise 5
...

You can check your answers in the key and on the cassette
...
The first two are done for you
...

2
...

4
...

6
...
D
...
S
...


...


...
majestic
8
...
southeast
10
...
nutrient
12
...


...


...


...

For each of the words a-j below, find the correct phonemic transcription in the list on the right
...
The first one is done for you
...
season
...


1
...
fɔ ˈnet ɪk

b
...


3
...
ˈfɔː mən

c
...


5
...
ʃiːld

d
...


7
...
fɔ ˈnæt ɪk

e
...


starting time:

...

time taken:

...
ˈsɪn ə
10
...


sinner
...
ˈnjuːt ə
12
...
shield
...
ˈsiːz ɪŋ
14
...
organ
...
pliːz
16
...


please
...


jeer
...
ˈɔːg ən
18
...
ˈsiːz ən
20
...
Did you do better than in exercise 1? Were you more
accurate and/or quicker?

2 What pronunciations are given: the layout of entries
For every word the dictionary gives a main pronunciation
...
If the American
pronunciation is different, it is given, following the symbol ǁ, and aiso highlighted in blue
...

match mæʧ

dot, Dot dɒt ‖ dɑːt

If there are widely used alternatives, either in British or American English, these are given
...

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

8

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
data 'deɪt ə 'dɑːt ə, †'d

'dæ

, 'dɑːt ə

bath v bɑːθ †bæθ
Occasionally, pronunciations are shown which many English speakers use, but which many other
English speakers consider incorrect
...

ate past of eat et eɪt ‖ eɪt ◬et
(In American English et is considered incorrect
...


EXERCISE 9
AIM: To become familiar with the layout of entries, and recognise the types of
pronunciation shown
...


EXERCISE 10
AIM: To recognise the types of pronunciation given, and practise transcribing them
...

Then use the information to complete the boxes on the following page
...
lib
...
lib
...
match
2
...
mead

mæʧ

Main pron

10
...
past

luːd

ljuːd
AmE pron

mɑːk

mɑːrk

Main pron

6
...
dot
8
...
part

Alternative pron

Main pron

4
...
suit

Regional pron

AmE pron

bɑːθ

bæθ

bæθ

Main pron
12
...
broad
14
...
bare

AmE pron

Alternative AmE pron

meə

meɪər

meər

Main pron
16
...
tube

Regional pron

AmE pron

Alternative AmE pron

njuː

nuː

nuː

njuː

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

10

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
EXERCISE 11
AIM: To identify which pronunciation of a word is used, when you hear it
...
Notice their pronunciation of the words studied on pages
7-8
...
You might like to say whether you think each speaker is English or American
...


Transcription
Speaker
mark
past
mayor
Speaker
tour
part
poor
Speaker
rare
new
suit
ballet
Speaker
Tube
last
four

Which pron?

English or American?

mɑːk

main
regional (or AmE)

English with regional accent

1:
pæst
2:

3:

4:

For those interested in studying some of the differences between American and British English
pronunciation, there is a section on American pronunciation on pages 65-70
...
2
...
To get
the most out of the dictionary, it is important to be able to interpret the conventions which are used
...

How many pronunciations are represented in this entry from the dictionary?
beautiful ˈbjuːt əf əl -ɪf-; -ɪ fʊl, -ə- ‖ ˈbjuːtWhen you have worked out what you think, check your answer in the key
...
You do not need to work through exercises 1316
...

If you didn't spot all the pronunciations of beautiful, you might like to go back now and try to work
them out for yourself before you look at the details below and listen to the pronunciations on the
cassette
...
The main pronunciation, the one recommended to foreign learners, is ˈbjuːt əf l
2
...
lib
...
lib
...

3
...
An alternative pronunciation of the middle syllable: ˈbjuːt ɪf l ˈbjuːt əf əl
5
...
The same first and last syllable as 5 with a different middle syllable: ˈbjuːt ə fʊl
The American pronunciation has a different allophone of t in the first syllable
...
ˈbjuː əf l
The alternative pronunciations of the middle and last syllables shown in 2-6 also occur in American
pronunciations, so alternatives exist:
8
...

10
...


fʊl

12
...
The conventions for
showing alternative pronunciations are studied systematically in the rest of this section
...

When alternative pronunciations differ only in one syllable, the dictionary shows the part of the word
which is different, and the rest of the word is ‗cut back‘
...
Only the first syllable, is
different
...

EXERCISE 13
The following words all have one or more alternative pronunciations of the first syllable
...
)
a
...

b
...
Correct what you wrote, if
necessary
...
accept ækˈsept (2)
...
behave bɪˈheɪv (2)
...
desolation ˌdes əˈleɪ ʃn (1)
...
economic ˌiːk əˈnɒm ɪk (1)
...
exult ɪgˈzʌlt (5)
...
The first syllable, which is the same, is not
12
Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
repeated; instead it is replaced by a hyphen
...

EXERCISE 14
The following words all have one or more alternative pronunciations of the last syllable
...
)
a
...

b
...
Correct what you wrote, if
necessary
...
garage ˈgær ɑːʒ (2)
...
kindred ˈkɪndr əd (1)
...
hopeful ˈhəʊp fəl (1)
...
mistress ˈmɪs trəs (1)
...
opiate ˈəʊp i⌣ət (2)
...
The first and last syllables are the same as
the main pronunciation, so they are each replaced by a hyphen
...

a
...

b
...
Correct what you wrote, if
necessary
...
secretive ˈsiːk rət ɪv
...
incisive ɪn ˈsaɪs ɪv
...
inherent ɪnˈhɪər ənt
...
manager ˈmæn ɪʤ ə
...
make-believe ˈmeɪk bɪ∘liːv
...
The alternative syllables marked in the dictionary therefore represent several
combinations
...
These can combine to make
four pronunciations
...
lib
...
lib
...
For each entry, one of the alternative
pronunciations shown is recorded on the cassette
...
Transcribe the pronunciation you hear
...
Circle the parts of the dictionary entry which show that pronunciation
...

1
...
dəˈziʒn
...
opposite ˈɒp əz ɪt -əs-, †-ət‖ɑːp-
...
substantial səbˈstæntʃəl †sʌb-, -ˈstɑːntʃ-
...
transistor træn ˈzɪst ə trɑːn-, †trən-, -ˈsɪst
...
decisive dɪˈsaɪs ɪv də-, †diː-, -ˈsaɪz-
...
exasperate ɪgˈ zæsp ə reɪt eg-, əg-, ɪk-, ek-, ək-, -ˈzɑːsp-
...
This ensures that you know which syllable is being referred to
...
The alternative pronunciation of the word is thus:
ˈmæn əʤ əb əl
Notice that the square block (▪) always stands for one syllable, whereas the hyphen (-) replacing
part of a word may stand for one or more than one syllable
...
The alternative pronunciation is thus clearly shown as referring to
the syllable following the tertiary stress
...
Thus:
ˈæk jə∘pʌŋk ʧər ɪst
EXERCISE 17
Use the dictionary to help you say and transcribe the following:
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...

5
...

EXERCISE 18
Quiz on alternative pronunciations
...

1
...
lib
...
lib
...
How many British and American pronunciations exist for majority? Transcribe each one
...
mandatory - is the pronunciation mæn ˈdeɪt ər i used in America?
4
...
‘
5
...
‘

4 Inflected and derived words
The dictionary shows how inflected and derived words are pronounced
...
For others, both the spelling and pronunciation are shown as endings following a
headword
...
For the
pronunciation of inflected words, just add the pronunciation of the endings
...
The symbol | is used
to show exactly which part is concerned
...
To transcribe the pronunciations
...

1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...

EXERCISE 20
Quiz on inflected and derived forms
...

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

15

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
1
...
How is kindliness pronounced - 'kaɪnd li nəs or 'kaɪnd lə nəs?
3
...
TRUE OR FALSE? ‗The words studied and studded are sometimes pronounced the same
...
How is the plural of agency pronounced - ˈeɪʤ əns iz or ˈeɪʤ əns əz?
EXERCISES 21-22
AIM: To apply your understanding of layout of entries, alternative pronunciations,
inflections and derived forms
...
The first two are done
for you
...

2
...

4
...

6
...

8
...
The first two are done
for you
...

2
...

4
...

6
...

8
...
Optional sounds are sounds which are pronounced by some speakers or an some
occasions, but are omitted by other speakers or on other occasions
...

2
...
They denote sounds which may optionally be
elided (omitted)
...
LPD recommends ˈlʌntʃ
...
LPD recommends ˈbeɪk ən
...
Sounds shown with raised letters are sounds which the foreign learner is recommended to
ignore (although native speakers sometimes include them)
...

fence fents Some say fens, others say fents
...

sadden ˈsæd ən Some say ˈsæd n, others say ˈsæd ən
...

Sounds shown in italics: elision
Elision is the omission (= deletion) of a sound that would otherwise be present
...
lib
...
lib
...

EXERCISE 23
AIM: To identify the full and elided pronunciation of words when you hear them
...
The words below all have a sound which can be elided (omitted, deleted)
...

in full

with elision

1
...
plunge

plʌndʒ

plʌnʒ

3
...
tangerine ˌtændʒ ə ˈriːm
5
...
kindness ˈkaɪnd nəs

ˈkaɪn nəs

ə 'weɪk ən

ə 'weɪk n

7
...
Listen to the words on the cassette
...
above
...

The dictionary entries below show that elision may take place in these words
...
For each one, mark whether the word is given in full (F) or with
elision (E)
...

1
...
arrange ə ˈreɪndʒ

ə ˈreɪnʒ

3
...
minx mɪŋks

mɪŋks

5
...
cold|ly ˈkəʊld|li -ˈkɒʊld- ‖ˈkoʊld- ~ness nəs nɪs

ˈkəʊld nəs

EXERCISES 25-26
AIM: To understand the conditions in which elision of consonants takes place, and so to
predict when elision may take place
...

Elision of consonants
Within a syllable:
t may be elided in ntʃ e
...
lunch lʌntʃ, lʌnʃ
d may be elided in ndʒ e
...
strange streɪndʒ, streɪnʒ
p may be elided in mps, mpt e
...
jumped dʒʌmpt, dʒʌmt
t may be elided in nts e
...
contents ˈkɒn tents, ˈkɒn tens
Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

17

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
k may be elided in ŋks, ŋkt e
...
lynx lɪŋks, lɪŋs
At the end of a syllable, t and d may be elided before a consonant in the next syllable:
t may be elided in ft, st e
...
firstly 'fɜːst li, 'fɜːs li
and less commonly in pt, kt, tʃt, θt, ʃt
d may be elided in Id, nd e
...
baldness 'bɔːld nəs, 'bɔːl nəs
and less commonly in bd, gd, dʒd, vd, ðd, zd, md, ŋd
EXERCISE 25
Say and transcribe the following words in their full form, and jF'lj with elision
...

in full
with elision
1
...
bandstand
3
...
wistful
5
...
textbook
EXERCISE 26
Four of the following words can exhibit elision
...

softly softer customer lounge firstly judged lateness wasteful
There is further discussion of elision in the note ELISION in LPD
...
The inserted sound
is shown by a small, raised letter
...

EXERCISE 27
AIM: TO IDENTIFY WHETHER A SOUND HAS BEEN INSERTED, WHEN YOU HEAR A WORD
...
Listen to the words on the cassette, and transcribe the pronunciations you hear
...
fence fents
...

2
...
ˈsent əns
...
distanc|e 'dɪst ənts
...
mince mɪnts
...
triumph n, v, T~ 'traɪ ʌmpf
...
acquaintanc|e ə 'kweɪnt ənts
...
comf|ort, C~ 'kʌmpf| ət
...
emph|asis 'empf|əs ɪs
...
assistance ə 'sɪst ənts
...
substantial səb'stæntʃəl
...
lib
...
lib
...

EXERCISE 28
AIM: To apply knowledge of optional sounds in studying a conversation
...
You can use it as you choose
...

Suggestion 1
...
Use Key A to check what you have marked
...
Use Key B to check
...
Listen to the conversation, with the book closed, and transcribe it
...

Suggestion 3
...

practise saying the conversation
...

A: I've just had my lounge decorated
...

B: What colour is it?
A: It's called French Blush
...

A: Well, on the chart it looked lovely - a sort of pale tangerine colour
...
The lounge faces north, doesn't it, and a tangerine glow would take away the
coldness
...
But actually it's more like orange
...


6 Syllabic consonants
1 Most syllables contain a vowel sound
...
If so, this consonant (or one of them) is a nasal (usually n) or liquid (l or,
especially in AmE, r)
...
Such a consonant is called a syllabic consonant
...
Thus it is possible, though not usual, to say 'sʌd ən li rather than 'sʌd n li
...

a
...
Listen to the
cassette: each word is spoken twice, first with a syllabic consonant, and then with a vowel +
consonant
...
suddenly

'sʌd n li

'sʌd ən li

2
...
frightening

'fraɪt n ɪŋ

'fraɪt ən ɪŋ

4
...
medal

'med l

'med əl

6
...
cattle

'kæt l

'kæt əl

8
...
panel

'pæn l

'pæn əl

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

19

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
10
...
station

'steɪ ʃn

'steɪ ʃən

12
...
Listen to the words on the cassette
...
above
...
To identify and
transcribe syllables containing a syllabic consonant or vowel + consonant, when you hear
words
...
Look at the text below
...
Use
Key A to check the words you have underlined
...
Listen to the text on the cassette and notice how the speaker pronounces each word
you have underlined: does it have a syllabic consonant? Transcribe these words as spoken on the
cassette
...

GOLDEN OLDIES –
the most popular songs chosen by radio listeners:
The Battle of New Orleans
Wooden Heart
Beautiful Dreamer
I Beg your Pardon (I never promised you a rose garden)
The Tunnel of Love
Sentimental Journey
Suddenly it's Spring
Congratulations
3 Likely syllabic consonants arc shown in LPD with the symbol ə, thus suddenly 'sʌd ən li
...
Hence this notation implies that LPD prefers bare n in the second syllable
...

4 Similarly, in middle 'mɪd əl LPD recommends a pronunciation with syllabic l, thus 'mɪd l
...
thus 'fɑːð r
...
'sʌd li
...
Because LPD uses spaces to show syllabification, it
does not need these conventions
...

Since it is always possible to insert ə in a word with a syllabic consonant, words containing syllabic
consonants in the dictionary are all shown with ə, as shown in the following entries
...
lib
...
lib
...
The main pronunciation - which foreign
learners are recommended to use - includes the sound
...

- a raised letter shows a sound which is sometimes inserted
...
So for
button, B~ 'bʌt ən
the recommended pronunciation is 'bʌt n
...


In some of the following words, the recommended pronunciation has a syllabic consonant
...
Look up each word in the dictionary;
then transcribe its recommended pronunciation
...

1
...
ˈæb snt
...
beckon
...
current
...
cycle
...
Pamela
...
paragon
...
servant
...
similar
...
traveller
...
vacant
...
Possible compressions are shown in LPD by
the symbol

⌣

between the syllables affected
...
g
...

maddening ˈmæd ən⌣ɪŋ

Two pronunciations are possible: a slower one with three syllables, ˈmæd

n ɪŋ or ˈmæd ən ɪŋ and a faster one with two syllables, ˈmæd nɪŋ
...

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

21

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
The compressed pronunciation is more usual
in frequently-used words
in fast or casual speech
if the word has already been used in the discourse
...

A frequent context for compression is when -ing is added to a verb ending with a syllabic consonant
...


This represents an entry battling bæt el⌣ɪŋ which can be pronounced with three syllables or two
syllables
...

Say and transcribe the pronunciations of battling with three syllables and two syllables
...

EXERCISE 33
AIM: To recognise whether a word has undergone compression when you hear the word
...
For each one, decide if it is pronounced with
three syllables, i
...
has a syllabic consonant in the middle, or if it is pronounced with two syllables,
i
...
has undergone compression
...
The first two are done for you
...

2
...

4
...
3
...
2
...

sprinkling
...

6
...

8
...

reckoning
...

trickling
...

Transcribe the words on the cassette in exercise 33, making sure you show whether there is a
syllabic consonant or whether it has undergone compression
...

The following words all have a main pronunciation with three syllables
...

finally traveller carefully globally lengthening normally nursery sampling summarise
totally tunnelling
Look up each word in the dictionary and check whether it is marked for compression
...
The first two are done for you
...
g
...
g
...
lib
...
lib
...

The details of the phonetic changes possible are given in the LPD note: COMPRESSION, para
...

EXERCISE 36
AIM: To recognise full and compressed forms when you hear and see them
...
The words below can all undergo compression
...

full
with compression
1
...
bicentennial ˌbaɪ sen ˈten i⌣əl

ˌbaɪ sen ˈten I əl

ˌbaɪ sen ˈten jəl

3
...
usual ˈjuːʒ u⌣əl

ˈjuːʒ u əl

ˈjuːʒ wəl

5
...
diagram ˈdaɪ⌣ə græm

ˈdaɪ ə græm

ˈdaə græm

b
...
For each word, circle the appropriate transcription
in a
...

EXERCISE 37
AIM: To identify whether words have undergone compression when you hear them
...
Listen to them on the cassette, and write F
for full, or C for compressed
...

1
...
diabetes C
3
...
proprietor
5
...
affluent
7
...
obedient
9
...

Listen to the conversation on the cassette
...

Two words with compression involving a consonant
...

A: These plants haven't flowered at all this year
...

B: This label says they are biennials
...

B: No, those are biannuals
...
Your plants obviously aren't
flowering because this is the first year
...
1989 was the biennial of the
23
Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
French Revolution, and there was a great celebration in Paris
...

A: Oh, the advantages of a classical education!

Part B: stress in words and phrases
This part of the book deals with the marking of stress in words and phrases
...
Stress is discussed in LPD in the
Introduction 3:3, and the note STRESS
...
There is
a group of these two-syllable words where the noun/adjective is stressed on the first syllable, and
the verb on the second
...
g
...

Fill the gaps in the sentences below
...
Mark
the stressed syllable of each word
...
There has been a big
...
in the number of students applying to this college
...
As a Red-Cross volunteer, she sometimes has to
...

3
...
showed that 98% of households have colour television
...
The council are going to
...

5
...
is usually pretty dull
...
A gesture which is friendly in one country may be a deadly
...

contest convert escort increase insult survey
EXERCISE 40
AIM: A
...

B
...

a
...
For some of them the noun and verb have
different stress (like 'record')
...
Underline the
words which you think have different stress for the noun and verb
...

answer contrast offer present reject reply transport
b
...
Make sure you
say the words with the correct stress
...

e
...
ˈre kɔːd rɪ ˈkɔːd
In other pairs, the vowel is the same
...
g
...

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

24

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
Use the dictionary to check the vowel in the first syllable of the words underlined below
...

1a
...
ˈdiː kriːs
...
The number of members is expected to decrease
...
His business interests conflict with his public duty
...
The border dispute may lead to armed conflict between the two countries
...
The President had an armed escort
...
The receptionist will escort visitors to the meeting room
...
Taxes are not expected to increase
...
The average increase in earnings last year was 6%
...
I cannot permit such behaviour
...
Have you got a permit for that gun?
...
I'm going to protest
...
There will be a storm of protest
...
The rebels in the hiils will never surrender
...
Every child rebels against authority at some stage
...

Can you solve the following clues? In each pair of clues, the words referred to have the same
spelling, but different stress
...
The first one is done for you
...
give sympathy and comfort
console
kən ˈsəʊl
a keyboard, panel of switches
ˈkɒn səʊl
2
...
get smaller
a formal legal agreement
4
...
pull out
a short passage from a longer text
6
...
very small
sixty seconds
8
...
The full answers are given in Key B
...
g
...

Can you identify the nouns defined below? They are all related to phrasal verbs
...

1
...
a hold-up
...
a burglary
...
lib
...
lib
...
an appearance by a star who had retired
...
a sudden strike
...
a cinematic device where the film switches to an earlier period
...
a sudden period of heavy rain
...
a mechanical (and, metaphorically, other) failure
...
a ten second period immediately before the departure of a rocket
...
the moment of departure of a rocket
...
(initial) expenditure on a particular project
...

breakdown break-in comeback countdown downpour flashback hold-up lift-off outlay
walkout

9 Stress marking
The stresses marked in the dictionary are lexical ( = underlying = potential) stresses; the marking
shows how the word is stressed when it is spoken in isolation, and which syllables can be accented
in connected speech
...
To use the primary stress mark ˈ correctly
in a word with one stressed syllable
...
Orwell
is describing his experience as a tramp in London in the 1930‘s
...
Mark the stressed syllable in the words underlined
...

I stayed in the streets till late at night, ˈkeeping on the move all the time
...
(Later I discovered
that this never happened
...
Everyone's
demeanour seemed to have changed abruptly
...
―Thanks, mate,‖ he said with a grin
...
For the first time I noticed, too, how the attitude of women varies with a
man's clothes
...
Clothes are powerful things
...
You might feel the same shame, irrational but very real, your first night in prison
...

Each of these definitions refers to a word in the dictionary extract below and on the next page
...
The first one is done
for you
...
a business that makes its money esp
...
ˈeɪʤ əns i
...
a list of subjects to be dealt with or talked about at a meeting
...
to make (a difficult situation) more serious or dangerous; make worse
...
a person whose job is to represent another person, a company, etc
...
one who brings people
into touch with others or deals with the business affairs of a person or company
...
derog always ready to quarrel or attack
...
BrE sl trouble, esp
...

7
...
language: one in which words are formed by agglutination
8
...

9
...
derog increase in size, power or rank, esp
...

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

26

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
agenc|y ˈeɪʤ əns |i ~ies iz
agenda ə ˈʤend ə ~s z
agene ˈeɪʤ iːn
agent ˈeɪʤ ənt ~s s —see also phrases with this word
agent provocateur ˌæʒ
−Fr [a

prə ∘vɒk ə ˈtɜː ˌeɪʤ ənt- ‖ ˌɑːʒ

proʊ ˌvɑːk ə ˈtɝː -ˈtʊər

pʁɔ vɔ ka tœːʁ] agents provocateur same pronunciation, or -z

agentive ˈeɪʤ ənt ɪv
age-old ˌeɪʤ ˈəʊld ◀ →-ˈɒʊld ‖ -ˈoʊld ◀
-ageous 'eidjas —This suffix may impose rhythmic stress on the preceding stem
(ˌadvanˈtageous)
...
—see aggrandiz
...
form in Irish place names ˈˌæx ə —Aghacully ˌæx ə ˈkʌl i
aghast ə ˈgɑːst -ˈgæst ‖ ə ˈgæst
agile ˈæʤaɪəl ‖ -əl -aɪəl (not ‧'‧) ~ly li ~ness nəs nɪs
Secondary + primary stress
When the primary stress in longer words occurs late in the word, there is a secondary stress on
the first or second syllable
...
lib
...
lib
...
To mark secondary and primary
stress
...
Mark the secondary and primary stress, as in the
example on page 43
...
anniversary
6
...
definition
7
...
epicurean
8
...
mediocrity
9
...
metaphysical
Use the words above to fill the gaps below
...

The
...
in love rejected
Thomas Carew
A
...

John Donne
An Ode upon his Majestie's
...
Ode
John Hail

...
of Love
Ancirew Marvell

...

The following words each have two stressed syllables, with the later stressed syllable carrying the
primary stress
...
You can look the words up in the dictionary to
check
...

1
...

3
...


ˌsabbaˈtarian
sacramental
sacrificial
sacrilegious

5
...

7
...


Sagittarius
Salamanca
Salieri
salmonella

Some words have a secondary stress marked in brackets e
...
(ˌ)San ˈRemo
This means that some speakers put a secondary stress on the first syllable:
ˌSan ˈRemo and others do not stress it: San ˈRemo
Tertiary stress - after primary stress
In multi-syllabic words, there is sometimes a rhythmic beat on a syllable after the primary
stress
...
It is marked
referred to as tertiary stress
...
To mark primary and
tertiary stress
...
Each has two stressed syllables,
with the earlier stressed syllable carrying the primary stress
...
The first one is done for you
...
ˈrain∘forest
8
...
octosyllable
9
...
lib
...
lib
...
revisionism
10
...
caretaker
11
...
castaway
12
...
undercarriage
13
...
upbringing
EXERCISE 49
AIM: To distinguish between: primary stress + tertiary stress e
...
ˈsuper∘market
secondary stress + primary stress e
...
ˌsuper ˈsonic
Look up the following items in the dictionary and check the stress
...

1
...
safekeeping
2
...
safety curtain
3
...
safety-first
Tertiary stress - between secondary and primary stress
There is another context in which tertiary stress occurs
...
This is marked
and referred to as tertiary stress
...
To mark primary,
secondary and tertiary stress
...
Each has three stressed
syllables, with the last stressed syllable carrying the primary stress
...
The first one is done for you
...

2
...

4
...
Received pronunciation
6
...
occupational therapy

EXERCISE 51
AIM: To recognise stress patterns of words when you hear them (mixed patterns)
...

2
...

4
...


Listen to the following words on the cassette
...

tyrannicide
6
...
sacrosanct
sacrificial
8
...
unconventionality
liberator
10
...

a
...

b
...
Write the correct stress
marking, if necessary
...
habilitate
habilitate
2
...
habit
habit
4
...
habitat
habitat
Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

29

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
6
...
habit-forming
habit-forming
EXERCISE 53
AIM: To use the dictionary to check stress patterns
...
Mark what you think is the stress pattern on the following words
...
Then look each word up, and check if your stress marking is correct
...

Your stress marking
Correct stress marking
1
...
deactivate
deactivate
3
...
deputy
deputy
5
...
derelict
derelict
7
...
derogatory
derogatory
9
...
discrimination
discrimination
11
...
dishwater
dishwater

10 Stress shift
Some words seem to change their stress pattern in connected speech; the position of the stress is
shifted when the word is followed in a phrase by a more strongly stressed word
...

middle-aged ˌmɪd əl ˈeɪʤd ◀ ˌmiddle-aged ˈspread
This means that in isolation, middle-aged has primary stress on ‗aged‘
...

‗aged‘ is more prominent than ‗middle‘
...
e
...

EXERCISES 54-58
AIM: To recognise, mark and pronounce words which undergo stress shift
...
Notice the stress shift
...
Transform each phrase
...
The first one is done for you
...

2
...

4
...

6
...


arrangements made at the last minute ˌlast-minute arˈrangements
a map drawn to a large scale
surgery performed on the open heart
a personality which is laid-back
a potato-peeler designed for people who are left-handed
a letter which is misspelt
a person's youth which was misspent

EXERCISE 55
In words of four or more syllables, when stress is shifted, the original primary stress still
carries a rhythmic beat; this tertiary stress is marked ∘
...
g
...
lib
...
lib
...
Say and mark the stress in the
word in isolation, and the phrase containing the word:
1a
...
audio-visual aids
2a
...
automatic pilot
3a
...
occupational therapy
4a
...
operational research
5a
...
radioactive decay
EXERCISE 56
The phrases below are all given in the dictionary as examples of a phrase in which the first
element is likely to undergo stress shift
...
g
...

Listen to the example on the cassette, and notice the difference in stress when 'next-door' is in final
position:
ˌnext-door ˈneighbours = neighbours who live ˌnext ˈdoor
Express each of the phrases below in a similar way
...

1
...
the mid-day sun
3
...
unearned income
5
...
cast-iron railings
7
...

1
...

Don't go out in the mid-day sun
...
She's always at my right-hand
...

3
...

They're a soft-hearted couple
...
I'm going via Panama
...

5
...

She was sent on an overseas posting
...
John's at university
...

7
...

They're cruising in the Adriatic Sea
...
He's very interested in Latin America
...

9
...

The underlying rocks are carboniferous limestone
...
We're going to Oklahoma
...

EXERCISE 58

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

31

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

Continue this description of a book, using as many as possible of the words and phrases in Exercises
54 to 57
...


11 Compounds and phrases
Early and late stress
There are many English expressions consisting of two words, or in which two words have been
combined
...
g
...

e
...
ˈpicture frame ˈdishwasher
Some have late stress: primary stress is on the second element, e
...
ˌcentral ˈheating
Can you give any guidelines for the placement of the ˈ stress? Write down what you think before you
turn over the page
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...

EXERCISE 59
Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

32

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
For each of the expressions underlined in the following text, decide whether it has early or late
stress
...
The first one is done for you
...
I attend evening classes on Monday evenings at the
local Community Centre
...
Some of us have
formed our own study group, and we meet during the week to practise
...
Another is a driving instructor, who
keeps his grammar book in the car so he can study between lessons
...

Early stress
e
...
'picture frame

Late stress

Spanish lessons

Monday evenings

e
...
ˌcentral 'heating

The text is recorded on the cassette so you can listen to check your answers, before you
compare your version with the key
...

1a
...
= a teacher who is English
2a
...
= a room with not much light in it
3a
...
= a board painted black
4a
...
= a shelf made of glass
Some expressions, which are grammatically compounds, are nevertheless pronounced with late
stress (= as if they were phrases)
...

One group of expressions of this type comprises those where the first element names the material
or ingredient out of which a thing is made
...

ˈalmond cake
ˈorange juice
ˈbarley ∘water
LPD note: COMPOUNDS & PHRASES: 5
EXERCISE 61
The following items can be divided into two groups
...

apple blossom
Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

Late stress
33

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
apple pie
cheese grater
cheese sauce
jam jar
jam sandwich
peach brandy
peach stone
rubber duck
rubber plant
salt beef
salt cellar

rubber duck

Early stress
rubber plant

In names of thoroughfares, note that all take late stress except street, which takes early
stress
...

a
...
The first one is done for you
...
Using the underground map, plan a route, visiting all the places listed, in the most efficient
order
...

Nearest Underground Station
Tower of London
National Gallery
Harrods
West End cinemas & theatres
Madame Tussaud's
Statue of Eros
Speakers' Corner
Barbican Centre
British Museum
shopping

ˌTower ˈHill
Charing Cross
Knightsbridge
Leicester Square
Baker Street
Piccadilly Circus
Marble Arch
Moorgate
Tottenham Court Road
Bond Street, Oxford Circus

LRT Registered User No
...
lib
...
lib
...
That is why many expressions are listed in the dictionary
...

a
...

b
...
Write the correct stress
marking, if necessary
...
takeaway
takeaway
2
...
tank engine
tank engine
4
...
top drawer
top drawer
6
...
totem-pole
totem-pole
8
...
tumbleweed
tumbleweed
10
...
tunnel vision
tunnel vision
12
...
The alternative stress pattern is shown using blocks to represent syllables
...
g
...
To
identify alternative pronunciations when you hear them
...
Look at the dictionary entries shown below
...
For each word, the main
and alternative pronunciations are given
...
absolute ˈæb sə luːt ˌ▪▪ˈ▪
2
...
backpedal, back-pedal ˌbæk ˈped əl ▪∘▪▪
4
...
cigarette ˌsɪg ə ˈret ˈ▪▪▪
6
...
submarine n, adj ˈsʌb mə riːn ˌ▪▪ˈ▪
8
...
ˌIce ˈcream, ˈ▪▪
10
...
Listen to the words on the cassette
...
above
...
Mark what you think are the main and alternative stress patterns
...

1
...
violin ▪▪▪

2
...
violinist ▪▪▪▪

3
...
Virgin Islands ▪▪▪▪

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

35

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
4
...
vivisect ▪▪▪

5
...
vocal cords ▪▪▪

6
...
voiceover ▪▪▪

7
...
Voltaire ▪▪

b
...
Correct your marking if necessary
...
Listen to the sentences below, on the cassette
...
Circle
the correct letter - M for main, or A for alternative
...

(M)/A
M/A
1
...
My neighbour is a violinist
...

M/A
3
...

M/A
4
...
The pay was
M/A
marvellous, but I developed an infection of the vocal cords and couldn't do it
...
'Who said that the only meaningful statements are those which are verifiable by sense
M/A
experience?' 'It sounds like Voltaire
...

Consider a word with an unstressed syllable containing a weak vowel e
...
the first syllable of
applicable ə ˈplɪk ə bəl
An alternative pronunciation which stresses the first syllable will contain a strong vowel instead of
the weak vowel: æp ˈlɪk ə bəl
EXERCISE 66
a
...

1
...

3
...

5
...

clandestine
...

contribute
...
controversy
...
decade
...
kilometre
...
primarily
...
subsidence
...
Look up the words in the dictionary to check
...
Correct your versions, if necessary
...

c
...
For each word,
transcribe the pronunciation you hear, and say whether it is given in the dictionary as the main
(M) or alternative (A) pronunciation
...

1
...

3
...

5
...

primarily
...

decade
...
communal
...
harass
...
controversy
...
clandestine
...
contributed
...

a
...
Mark the stress in the
original word and the related noun
...

36
Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
ˈregular ˌreguˈlarity Yes
inform
entertain
electric
careless
b
...
Mark the stress in the original
word and the related adjective
...
plenty
2
...
beauty
4
...
Japan
c
...
and b
...
You will see
that in some cases, the stress falls on the suffix; in others, it has moved to a different syllable of the
stem
...

2
...

4
...


We can identify three types of suffix, from the point of view of stress:
Stress-neutral suffix – the suffix does not affect the location of stress in the stem to which it is
attached
...
g
...

e
...
-ion: stress always falls on the syllable before the suffix
ˈfashion eˈmotion ˌinforˈmation
Stressed suffix - the suffix itself is stressed, e
...
-ese ˌJapan'ese
EXERCISE 68
AIM: To identify types of suffix
...
Each of the groups of words below contains:
1
...
a stress-imposing suffix SI
3
...

In each group, mark which words contain which type of suffix
...

'climate
2
...


C
...

E
...
S

'poison
B
...
SN

launder
comfort
period
punctual
wide
mountain
cigar
economy
sympathy
punish
picture
proverb

b
...
to complete the table below, writing suffixes into the
correct column
...

Stress-neutral
Stress-imposing
Stressed
-ous
-ic
-ese

Dictionary entries for suffixes show which type of suffix they are, with an example
...
g
...
lib
...
lib
...

a
...

e
...
I sympathise with mountaineers who meet with terribie climatic conditions
...
Use the sentences for reference
...
As you come across other suffixes, use the table in exercise 68 b to keep a record of them
...


Part C: aspects of pronunciation in the dictionary
14 American pronunciation
2
...
The AmE pronunciations shown in LPD are those appropriate to the
variety (accent) known as General American
...
It is the appropriate
pronunciation for EFL learners who take AmE as their model, rather than BrE
...
3, 3
...
2
...

Some differences between RP and GenAm:
1
...
stir
...
larger
...
third
...
barn
...
leader
...
In some words such as 'fast', where RP has ɑː, GenAm (like northern English accents) has æ
...
craft
...
banana
...
flask
...
past
...
laughter
...
The distribution of back vowels is different
...
lib
...
lib
...
)
ɑː

lot odd start father

ɒː

thought law (if not a:)

ɔː

north war

oː

variant of ɔː in force, four

EXERCISE 72
What vowel is used in the following words, in RP ami in GenAm? Write each word alongside the
correct vowel below, for RP and for GenAm
...

2
...

GenAm
4
...

6
...
For most Americans, ə and ɪ are not distinct as weak vowels (so that rabbit rhymes with abbot)
...
Where no
separate indication is given for the American pronunciation, it may be assumed that it has ə or ɪ
according to this rule
...
3
EXERCISE 73
Which weak vowel, ə or ɪ, is used in American pronunciation in the unstressed syllable of the
following words? Write the correct vowel
...

ɪ
1
...
habit

5
...
vanish

ə
2
...
panic

6
...
arches

9
...
The RP diphthongs ɪə, eə are replaced in GenAm by pure vowels
...

pier pɪə ‖ pɪər
pear peə ‖ peər pæər
EXERCISE 74
a
...

RP
GenAm
1
...
careful
3
...
experience
5
...
sincerely
Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

39

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
b
...
For each one, circle the appropriate pronunciation
(RP or GenAm) in a
...

6
...
g
...


It may sound identical with d e
...
shudder ˈʃʌd ər
...
)
EXERCISE 75
In which of these words would the t be voiced in GenAm? Circle the voiced t's
...

1
...
return
5
...
attack
2
...
related
6
...
lightning
EXERCISES 76-77
Quizzes on american pronunciations
...

Consider the GenAm vowel sound in the stressed syllable in the following groups of words
...
Circle the odd one out
...
rafter rather rock rod
2
...
sordid worthy warden warm
EXERCISE 77
Rhymes quiz
...

He said: 'I don't worry
How people say "furry"
...

In the following words, find three pairs which rhyme in RP but not in GenAm, and three pairs
which can rhyme in GenAm but not in RP
...

abbot bother clerk court father habit laugh mark nought scarf sorry story
RP rhymes

GenAm rhymes

EXERCISE 78
AIM: To study the features of american pronunciation in a spoken text
...

Either: Listen to the cassette and transcribe the text
...

Or: Transcribe the text as you expect it to be spoken by an American speaker
...

The car was a dark blue seven-passenger sedan, a Packard of the latest model, custom-built
...
It was parked by a fire-hydrant and a dark foreignlooking chauffeur with a face of carved wood was behind the wheel
...
The Indian put me in the back
...

The Indian got in beside the chauffeur and the car turned in the middle of the block and a cop
across the street said: 'Hey,' weakly, as if he didn't mean it, and then bent down quickly to tie his
shoe
...
The Indian sat
motionless beside the chauffeur
...
The driver
looked as if he was half asleep but he passed the fast boys in the convertible sedans as though they
40
Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
were being towed
...
Some drivers are like that
...

It had been a warm afternoon, but the heat was gone
...
We dipped down to
skirt a huge green polo field with another equally huge practice field beside it, soared again to the
top of a hill and swung mountainward up a steep hill road of clean concrete that passed orange
groves, some rich man's pet because this is not orange country, and then little by little the lighted
windows of the millionaires' homes were gone and the road narrowed and this was Stillwood
Heights
...
126)

15 Homophones
A number of dictionary entries show a homophone - another word, with a different spelling, which
has the same pronunciation
...

In the sentences below, some of the pairs of words underlined have the same pronunciation, and
some have different pronunciations
...
Mark whether the pronunciations are the same (S) or different (D)
...
The government annalist got so depressed studying the annals that he had to go to an analyst for
treatment
...

2
...


...
I've been on a cruise several times, and the crews have all been very efficient
...
They leant on the door so that their sister couldn't go out until she lent them some money
...
The weather which has been becalming the sailing boats is becoming better
...
The baron ruled over hundreds of acres of barren land
...
The assistant who packed the box left out this packet
...
If the clasp of your brooch is too loose, you could easily lose it
...
There are ten canons at Westchester Cathedral, and ten cannons at Westchester Castle
...
A teacher wouldn't lessen my interest in the subject by giving one tedious lesson
...
g
...
g
...
g
...

The following items are all commonly abbreviated
...

The first two are done for you
...
General Certificate of Secondary Education
GCSE
2
...
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development
4
...
lib
...
lib
...
Trades Union Congress
6
...
University of California at Los Angeles
8
...
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organisation

17 Names of people and places
Slough
Come, friendly bombs, and fall on Slough
It isn't fit for humans now
...
Death!
The town satirised in John Betjeman's poem, and the English county in which it is situated,
Berkshire, both have pronunciations which are difficult to predict from their spelling
...

EXERCISE 81
Quiz
...

1
...
Frances is a woman's name: Francis is a man's name and a surname
...
Eau-de-cologne means literally 'water from Cologne' – but is cologne pronounced the same
way?
4
...
How are the three places pronounced?
5
...
Olive's olives: - same or different?
7
...
' How do they
pronounce Valencia?
8
...
London: ˈlʌnd n or ˈlʌnd ən?
10
...
'Yes, I remember Adlestrop'
'I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree'
'Albion's most lovely daughter sat on the banks of the Mersey dangling her landing stage in
the water'
These are the first lines of poems by Edward Thomas, W B Yeats, and Adrian Henri
respectively
...
Assimilation is a type of COARTICULATION
...

2
...

Thus n can become m before p, b, m, as in the examples
ten men ˌten ˈmen → ˌtem ˈmen
downbeat ˈdaʊn biːt → ˈdaʊm biːt
Similarly, n can become ŋ before k,g, as in:
fine grade ˌfaɪn ˈgreɪd → ˌfaiŋ ˈgreɪd
incredible ɪn ˈkred əbəl → ɪŋ ˈkred əbəl
In the same way d can change to b and g respectively, as in
Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

42

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
red paint ˌred ˈpeɪnt → ˌreb ˈpeɪnt
admit əd ˈmit → əb ˈmit
bad guys ˈbæd gaɪz → ˈbæg gaɪz
It is also possible for t to change to p and k respectively, though a more frequent possibility is for t
to be realized as a GLOTTAL STOP when followed by another consonant:
eight boys ˌeɪt ˈbɔɪz → ˌeɪʔ ˈbɔɪz (ˌeɪp ˈbɔɪz)
Where dictionary entries contain alternative pronunciations which are derived by assimilation, they
are preceded by →, the symbol for a pronunciation derived by rule
...

The following words, shown with their main pronunciation, all have an alternative derived by
assimilation
...

1
...
unbalanc|e ˌʌn ˈbæl ənts →
3
...
ungrateful ʌn ˈgreɪt fəl →
5
...
midpoint ˈmɪd pɔɪnt →
7
...
weedkiller ˈwiːd ∘kɪl ə →
5
...

6
...

− Where the vowel is strong, i
...
uː or ʊə, yod coalescence can frequently be heard in BrE, although
it is not considered standard
...
)
tune tjuːn → †ʧuːn
endure ɪn ˈdjʊə → †ɪn ˈʤʊə
− Where the vowel is weak, i
...
u or ə, assimilation is usually variable in RP but obligatory in
GenAm
...

Look at the dictionary entries below, and listen to the words on the cassette
...
The first one is done for you
...
costume n, adj ˈkɒs tjuːm →(†ˈkɒs ʧuːm)

5
...
tube tjuːb →†ʧuːb

6
...
mildew ˈmɪl djuː →†-ˈʤuː

7
...
adduc|e ə ˈdjuːs →†-ˈʤuːs

8
...

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

43

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
The following text is recorded on the cassette
...
Three different
approaches are suggested
...
Listen to the cassette, and transcribe the text, paying particular attention to
assimilation
...
Read the text, and predict where assimilation might take place
...
Then listen to the cassette and check how those sounds are pronounced
...
Listen to the cassette with the text in front of you
...

He swung round startled
...
Or his ears were
playing him tricks
...
But no – the knock was repeated
...
'Come in!' He moved eagerly
towards the door to welcome his visitor, and to turn the lights on at the same time, but collided with
a chair and dropped his cigar, which rolled under the table
...
A
segment of light from the corridor fell across the floor, but did not reveal the hiding-place of the
cigar
...
Would you switch the light on, please?'
The lights came on and he heard the woman gasp
...
' He found himself staring at a pair of thick fur-lined boots and the hemline of a
shaggy fur coat
...
'I‘ll be right with you,' he said
...
'
Changing Places David Lodge (Penguin edition pp
...
There is
further discussion of assimilation in the note ASSIMILATION in LPD
...
The dictionary only
shows the results of such rules when they operate within the word, independently of surrounding
words
...
(This pronunciation is
now standard)
...

includ|e ɪn ˈkluːd →ɪŋAnticipatory dealveolar assimilation of the n- anticipating the following k
...

induc|e ɪn ˈdjuːs →†-ˈʤuːs
Assimilation: coalescence of d and j to form ʤ
...

The dictionary entries below all include an alternative pronunciation derived by rule from the
main pronunciation
...

1
...
lib
...
lib
...
patrol pəˈtrəʊl →-ˈtrɒʊl
3
...
cardboard ˈkɑːd bɔːd →ˈkɑːb5
...
handgun ˈhænd gʌn →ˈhæŋ7
...
Wibsey ˈwɪb si -zi −The place in WYks is locally also →ˈwɪp si
9
...
landmark ˈlænd mɑːk →ˈlæm-

20 Incorrect pronunciations
−For a few words, LPD includes a pronunciation variant that is not considered standard
...
They are marked with the special sign ◬
...
2
EXERCISE 86
AIM: To use the dictionary to check whether pronunciations are considered incorrect
...
Listen to the text below, being read by an aspiring newsreader
...

b
...
Underline what
you think are the twelve words
...

Compare your version with the Key
...
Use the dictionary to check the status of these pronunciations: are they alternative, regional,
or 'incorrect' pronunciations? Complete the table
...
A
spokesperson refused to confirm whether or not anything had been stolen
...
Asphalt on the roof of the main reactor building has cracked, and accumulated debris
needs to be removed
...
The management of the plant reject this as a
mischievous attempt lo cause alarm
...

Word

Pronunciation on
cassette

burglary

bɜːg əl ri

Alternative, regional,
or 'incorrect'?
incorrect

Recommended
pronunciation
bɜːg lər i

21 Combining forms
1 Many learned words are composed of combining forms derived from Greek or Latin
...
For example, micro- plus -scopic gives
microscopic
...

2 Most combining form suffixes (= second elements) are stress-neutral (= they preserve the
location of stresses in the first elemeni)
...

3 A first element usually has two different pronunciations, one used with stress-neutral suffixes, the
45
Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
other with stress-imposing suffixes
...

4 The mark ˌˈ in the pronunciaiion of a first element means a stress
...
If not, it will be a main stress (ˈ)
...
With a stress-neutral suffix, it is pronounced ˌˈkæt ə
...
Combining it with -phyte
we get cataphyte ˈkæt ə faɪt
...
(The sign ΅ is a reminder that this
syllable is incomplete and must attract at least one consonant from the suffix
...

The words catagraphic, cataphyte, catalogy probably do not exist
...
If they were to be used, this is how they would be pronounced
...

Study the entries below for first elements and suffixes
...
form
with stress-neutral suffix ˌˈkæk əʊ‖-ə −cacographic ˌkæk əʊ

Suffixes
-gamy stress-imposing gəm i

ˈgræf ɪk ◀ ‖-əwith stress-imposing suffix kæ ˈkɒ΅ kə- ‖kæ ˈkɑː΅ −cacography
kæ ˈkɒg rəf ɪ kə- ‖-ˈkɑːgcardio- comb
...
form
with stress-neutral suffix ˌˈend əʊ ‖ˌˈend ə −endocranial ˌend əʊ

-gram græm

ˈkreɪn i⌣əl ◀ -əwith stress-imposing suffix en ˈdɒ΅ ‖en ˈdɑː΅ −endogenous en
ˈdɒʤ ən əs -ɪn- ‖-ˈdɑːʤmono- comb
...
form
with stress-neutral suffix ˌˈɒkt ə ‖ˌˈɑːkt ə −octachord ˈɒkt ə kɔːd

-gonal stress-imposing gən əl

‖ˈɑːkt ə kɔːrd
with stress-imposing suffix ɒk ˈtæ΅ ‖ɑːk ˈtæ΅ −octameter ɒk
ˈtæm ɪt ə -ət- ‖ɑːk ˈtæm
poly- comb
...
lib
...
lib
...
Write the pronunciation of each
word
...
If you are not sure of the pronunciation, work it out from the entries
...
)
1
...

4
...

2
...

5
...

3
...

6
...

EXERCISE 88
AIM: To use dictionary entries to predict pronunciation of unfamiliar words
...
Some will be
familiar, others will be unfamiliar either because you haven't met them before or because you have
just created them
...

e
...
endographic ˌend əu ˈgræf ɪk

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

47

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
KEY
EXERCISE 1
a
...
12 c
...
17 e
...
20 g
...
3 i
...
13
EXERCISE 2
1
...
yet 7
...
surgeon 9
...
heart, hart 11
...
avid 15
...
wretched
EXERCISE 3
1
...
A ankle 3
...
A breathe 5
...
B thing 7
...
B vine 9
...
B feelings
EXERCISE 4
1
...
B ˈʌŋkəl 3
...
A breθ 5
...
A θɪn 7
...
A veɪn 9
...
A
ˈfɪl ɪŋz
EXERCISE 5
1
...
o 3
...
g 5
...
l 7
...
h
EXERCISE 6
a
...
washing e
...
loose j
...
olive m
...
ledger
EXERCISE 7
3D – but S in American 4S 5D 6D 7S 8D 9D 10S 11D 12D (but can be S in American)
EXERCISE 8
a
...
12 c
...
11 e
...
9 g
...
17 i
...
14

EXERCISE 9
EXERCISE 10
Main pron
6
...
ballad
8
...
mark
19
...
herb
21
...
lewd
10
...
lib
...
lib
...
bath
bɑːθ
23
...
mayor
25
...
ballet
27
...
new
29
...

EXERCISE 16
2
...
ˈɒp əs ɪt
...
substantial səbˈstæntʃəl †sʌb-, -ˈstɑːntʃ-
...

4
...
trən ˈzɪst ə
...
decisive dɪˈsaɪs ɪv də-, †diː-, -ˈsaɪz-
...

6
...
ɪk ˈzɑːsp ə reɪt
...
ˌæb ər ˈdiːn
2
...
ˌæd ɪs ˈæb əb ə
4
...
ˌmɪs ∘rep riː zen ˈteɪʃ ən
EXERCISE 18
1
...

2
...
No
...
FALSE
...

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

i mə ˈʤɑːr ə

i

49

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
5
...
The alternatives circled can be combined to give ə
ˌkɒt ə ˈliːd ən
...
reassessment ˌriː⌣əˈses mənt 2
...
reassuring ˌriː⌣ə ˈʃɔːr ɪŋ 4
...
ˈmɑːrk ə əd 2
...
ˈjuːs ləs li 4
...
ˈeɪʤ əns iz
EXERCISE 21
Main
3
...

5
...

7
...


Aberdaron
ballroom
behave
economics
managing
target

Alternative

Regional

ˈbɔːl ruːm

bə ˈheɪv

ˌiːk ə ˈnɒm ɪks

ˌek ə ˈnɒm ɪks

ˈmæn ɪʤ ɪŋ

ˌæb ərˈdær ən

ˈbɔːl rum

bɪ ˈheɪv

AmE alternative

ˌæb ərˈdær ən

ˌæb əˈdær ən

AmE

ˈmæn əʤ ɪŋ

biː ˈheɪv

ˈtɑːg ɪt

ˌiːk ə ˈnɑːm ɪks ˌek ə ˈnɑːm ɪks
ˈtɑːg ət

ˈtɑːrg ət

EXERCISE 22
Main
3
...

5
...

7
...


Buckingham
dansing
mistake
Saturday
tariff
trauma

Alternative Regional

‗Incorrect‘

ˈbʌk ɪŋ əm

ˈdænts ɪŋ

AmE alternative

ˈbʌk ɪŋ həm ˈbʌk ən əm

ˈdɑːnts

AmE

ɪŋ

mɪ ˈsteɪk

mə ˈsteɪk

ˈsæt ə deɪ

ˈsæt ə di

ˈdænts ɪŋ

ˈtær ɪf
ˈtrɔːm ə

ˈsæt di
ˈtær əf

ˈtraʊm ə

ˈsæt ər deɪ

ˈsæt ər di

ˈter ɪf

ˈter əf

ˈtraʊm ə

ˈtrɒːm ə
ˈtrɑːm ə

EXERCISE 23B
in full

with elision

1
...
plunge

(plʌndʒ)

plʌnʒ

3
...
tangerine ˌtændʒ ə ˈriːm

(ˌtænʒ ə ˈriːm)

5
...
kindness ˈkaɪnd nəs
7
...
E 3
...
F 5
...
E
EXERCISE 25
in full

with elision

1
...
bandstand

ˈbænd stænd ˈbæn stænd

3
...
wistful

ˈwɪst fʊl

ˈwɪs fʊl

5
...
textbook

ˈtekst bʊk

ˈteks bʊk

EXERCISE 26
softly, lounge, firstly, wasteful
Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

50

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
EXERCISE 27
3
...
mɪnts 5
...
ə 'kweɪnt ənts 7
...
'empf ə sɪs 9
...
səb
'stæntʃ l
EXERCISE 28
KEY A:
A: I've just had my lounge decorated
...

B: What colour is it?
A: It's called French Blush
...

A: Well, on the chart it looked lovely - a sort of pale tangerine colour
...
The lounge faces north, doesn't it, and a tangerine glow would take away the
coldness
...
But actually it's more like orange
...

KEY B:
A: aɪv (djʌs) hæd maɪ (laʊnʒ) dek ə reɪt ɪd‖ɪt hæd nt biːn dʌn sɪns aɪ muːvd ɪn
B: wɒt kʌl ər ɪz ɪt
A: ɪts kɔːld (frenʃ) blʌʃ
B: veri teɪst fʊl aɪm ʃɔː‖bət ɪt dʌz nt kən veɪ en i θɪŋ
A: wel ɒn ðə ʧɑːt ɪt (lʊk) lʌv li‖ə sɔːt əv peɪl (tænʒ ər iːn) kʌl ə
B: ðæt saʊndz naɪs‖ðə laʊnʤ feɪs ɪz nɔːθ (dʌz n) ɪt‖ənd ə tænʤ ər iːn gləʊ wʊd teɪk ə weɪ ðə kəʊld
nəs
A: ðæts (ʤʌs) wɒt aɪ θɔːt‖el ɪ gənt bət (kʌmpft əb l)‖bət æk ʧu əl i ɪts mɔː laɪk ɒr ɪnʤ‖ɪts ʧɪə fʊl‖bət
nɒt veri (res fʊl)
EXERCISE 29B
syllabic consonant

vowel + consonant

1
...
Britain

'brɪt n

('brɪt ən)

3
...
hidden

('hɪd n)

'hɪd ən

5
...
needlework

('niːd l wɜːk)

'niːd əl wɜːk

7
...
petals

'pet lz

('pet əlz)

9
...
softener

'sɒf n ə

('sɒf ən ə)

11
...
fastened

('fɑːs nd)

'fɑːs ənd

EXERCISE 30
KEY A
GOLDEN OLDIES – the most popular songs chosen by radio listeners:
The Battle of New Orleans
Wooden Heart
Beautiful Dreamer
I Beg your Pardon (I never promised you a rose garden)
The Tunnel of Love
Sentimental Journey
Suddenly it's Spring
Congratulations
KEY B:
ˈgəʊld ən, ˈʧəʊz ən, ˈlɪs n əz, ˈbæt l, ˈwʊd ən, ˈbjuːt ɪ fəl, ˈpɑːd n, ˈgɑːd n, ˈtʌn əl, ˌsent ɪ ˈment l, ˈsʌd n li,
51
Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
kən ˌgræʧ u ˈleɪʃ ənz
EXERCISE 31
1
...
ˈbek ən 3
...
ˈsaɪk l 5
...
ˈpær ə gən 7
...
ˈsɪm əl ə 9
...
ˈveɪk ənt
EXERCISE 32
With three syllables: ˈbæt l ɪŋ (recommended pronunciation),
and also: ˈbæt əl ɪŋ
With two syllables: ˈbæt lɪŋ
EXERCISE 33
3
...
2
...
sprinkling
...
5
...
3
...
reckoning
...
7
...
3
...
trickling

...

EXERCISE 34
1
...
ˈbæt lɪŋ 3
...
ˈsprɪŋk l ɪŋ 5
...
ˈrek nɪŋ 7
...
ˈtrɪk lɪŋ
EXERCISE 35
Words with no compression:
always three syllables

Words with compression:
can be two syllables

e
...
finally ˈfaɪn əl i

e
...
traveller ˈtræv əl⌣ə

ˈgləʊb əl i

ˈkeəf li

ˈnɔːm əl i

ˈleŋθ nɪŋ

ˈsʌm ər aɪz

ˈnɜːs ri

ˈtəʊt əl i

ˈsɑːmp lɪŋ

ˈtʌn əl ɪŋ
EXERCISE 36B
full

with compression

1
...
bicentennial ˌbaɪ sen ˈten i⌣əl

(ˌbaɪ sen ˈten I əl)

ˌbaɪ sen ˈten jəl

3
...
usual ˈjuːʒ u⌣əl

ˈjuːʒ u əl

(ˈjuːʒ wəl)

5
...
diagram ˈdaɪ⌣ə græm

(ˈdaɪ ə græm)

ˈdaə græm

EXERCISE 37
3
...
F 5
...
C 7
...
C 9
...

2 words with compression involving a consonant: company, anniversary
...

A: ðiːz plɑːnts hæv nt flaəd ət ɔːl ðɪs jɪə aɪ bɔːt ðəm frəm ə rep jə təb l kʌmp ni‖bət aɪ θɪŋk ðeɪ mʌs bi
rɒt n
B: ðɪs leɪb l sez ðeə baɪ en jelz
A: səʊ ðeɪ ɔːt tə flaʊ ə twaɪs ə jɪə
B: nəʊ ðəʊz ə baɪ æn julz‖baɪ en jel plɑːnts əʊn li flaʊ ə ev ri ʌð ə jɪə‖jɔː plɑːnts ɒb vjəs ly ɑːnt flaʊ ər
ɪŋ bɪ kɒz ðɪs ɪs ðə fɜːʃ jɪə
A: aɪ θɔːt ə baɪ en jel wəz ə sɔːt əv tuː hʌndr əd jɪər æn ɪ vɜːs ri‖naɪn tiːn eɪt i naɪn wəz ðə baɪ en jel əv
ðə frenʃ rev ə luːʃ n‖ən ðə wəz ə greɪt sel ɪ breɪʃ n ɪn pæ rɪs
B: nəʊ jɔː θɪŋk ɪŋ əv baɪ sen ten jel
Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

52

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
A: əʊ ði əd vɑːnt ɪʤ ɪz əv ə klæs ɪk l ed ju keɪʃ n
EXERCISE 39
2
...
ˈsurvey 4
...
ˈcontest

6
...
contract

kən ˈtrækt

ˈkɒn trækt

4
...
extract

ɪk ˈstrækt

ˈek strækt

6
...
minute

maɪ ˈnjuːt

ˈmɪn ɪt

8
...
refuse

EXERCISE 43
2
...
comeback 4
...
flashback 6
...
breakdown 8
...

lift-off 10
...
ə ˈʤend ə 3
...
ˈeɪ ʤənt 5
...
ˈæg rəʊ 7
...
ˈæʤ aɪl 9
...
ˌanniˈversary 2
...
ˌepicuˈrean 4
...
ˌmetaˈphysical 6
...

ˌproclaˈmation 8
...
ˌvaleˈdiction
The Metaphysical Poets
A selection of poems
Mediocrity in love rejected
A Valediction: forbidding mourning
The Anniversary
An Ode upon his Majestie's Proclamation
An Epicurean Ode
Mortification
The Definition of Love
Regeneration

Thomas Carew
John Donne
John Donne
Sir Richard Fanshawe
John Hail
George Herbert
Ancirew Marvell
Henry Vaughan

EXERCISE 48
2
...
reˈvision∘ism 4
...
ˈcasta∘way 6
...
ˈup∘bringing 8
...
ˈoffice∘holder 10
...
ˈrecord ∘library 12
...

unˈcertainty ∘principle
EXERCISE 50
2
...
ˌsado∘masoˈchistic 4
...
Reˌceived pro∘nunciˈation 6
...
ˌoccu∘pational ˈtherapy
Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

53

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
EXERCISE 51
1
...
ˌindi∘visiˈbility 3
...
ˈcare∘taker 5
...
ˌadoˈlescence 7
...
ˌintelˈlectual 9
...
ˈcapital∘ism
EXERCISE 54
2
...
ˌopen-heart ˈsurgery 4
...
a ˌleft-handed poˈtatopeeler 6
...
a ˌmisspent ˈyouth
EXERCISE 55
1a
...
ˌaudio-∘visual ˈaids

2a
...
ˌauto∘matic ˈpilot

3a
...
ˌoccu∘pational ˈtherapy

4a
...
ˌope∘rational reˈsearch

5a
...
ˌradio∘active deˈcay

EXERCISE 56
(suggested versions: others are possible)
2
...
an agent who works undercover
4
...
a man who is middle-aged
6
...
a kid who is crazy and mixed-up
EXERCISE 59
Early stress
e
...
'picture frame
Spanish lessons
evening classes
Community Centre
study group
driving instructor
grammar book

Late stress
e
...
ˌcentral 'heating
Monday evenings
English teacher
Spanish accent
civil engineer
driving ambition
South America

EXERCISE 60
1a
...
an ˌEnglish ˈteacher

2a
...
a ˌdark ˈroom

3a
...
a ˌblack ˈboard

4a
...
a ˌglass ˈshelf

EXERCISE 61
Late stress: rubber duck, apple pie, cheese sauce, jam sandwich, peach brandy, salt beef
...
absolute ˈæb sə luːt (ˌ▪▪ˈ▪) 2
...
backpedal ˌbæk ˈped əl (▪∘▪▪) 4
...
cigarette (ˌsɪg ə ˈret) ˈ▪▪▪ 6
...

submarine ˈsʌb mə riːn (ˌ▪▪ˈ▪) 8
...
ice ˈcream (ˈ▪▪) 10
...
lib
...
lib
...
Is ˌvalue ˈadded tax charged on ˈvideo-cas∘settes?
(M)/A
M/(A)

M/(A)

2
...
She plays a ˈviolin made in the ˌVirgin ˈIslands
...
Old leather books can be preserved by treating the surface with ˈvaseline, and wrapping them in
(M)/A
ˌvelveˈteen
...
I was once offered a job doing a ˈvoice∘over for a television advertisement
...

M/(A)
5
...
'
EXERCISE 66C
2
...
primarily

praɪ ˈmer əl i

A

4
...
decade

dɪ ˈkeɪd

A

6
...
harass

ˈhær əs

M

8
...
clandestine

klæn ˈdest ɪn

M

10
...

2
...
ˌenterˈtain ˌenterˈtainment No
4
...
ˈcareless ˈcarelessness No
b
...
ˈplenty ˈplentiful No
2
...
ˈbeauty ˈbeautiful No
4
...
Jaˈpan ˌJapaˈnese Yes
EXERCISE 68
a
...
SN

ˌperiˈodical

2
...
SI

ˈwiden

1
...


3
...


ˌlaundeˈrette

ˌmountaiˈneer

3
...
lib
...
lib
...
SI

ˈsympathise

1
...
SN

ˈpicture

ˌpictuˈresque

3
...


3
...


ˌcigaˈrette

proˈverbial

2
...

Stress-neutral
-ous
-able
-en
-ise
-ment

Stress-imposing
-ic
-ical
-ity
-ial

Stressed
-ese
-ette
-eer
-esque

EXERCISE 70
1
...
θɝːd 3
...
ˈlɑːrʤ r 5
...
kræft 2
...
ˈlæft r 4
...
pæst
EXERCISE 72
RP 1
...
ɑː card, wrong, harm

2
...
ɒː lawn

3
...
ɔː cord, thorn

EXERCISE 73
ɪ
ə
a
ə
ə
ə
ɪ
ə
ɪ
1
...
robin 3
...
panic 5
...
wicked 7
...
arches 9
...

RP

GenAm

1
...
careful

ˈkeəf l

ˈkerf l

3
...
experience

ɪk ˈspɪər i əns ɪk ˈspɪr i əns

5
...
sincerely
b
...
staring

ˈsteər ɪŋ

(ˈster ɪŋ)

2
...
dearest

ˈdɪər ɪst

(ˈdɪr ɪst)

4
...
variation

(ˌveər i ˈeɪʃ n) ˌver i ˈeɪʃ n

6
...
wri(t)ing 2
...
return 4
...
softer 6
...
attack 8
...

t is not voiced in 'softer' and 'lightning' because the t is not between vowels
...
(rafter) rather rock rod
Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

56

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
2
...
sordid (worthy) warden warm
EXERCISE 77
RP rhymes
nought
court
clerk
mark
laugh
scarf

GenAm rhymes
bother
father
abbot
habit
sorry
story

EXERCISE 78
ðə ˈkɑː wəz ə ˈdɑːrk ˈbluː ˈsev n ˈpæs nʤ r sɪ ˈdæn ə ˈpæk rd əv ðə ˈleɪ əs ˈmɑːd l ˈkʌst əm ˈbɪlt ɪt wəz ðə
ˈkaɪnd əv kɑːr jə ˈwer jə ˈroʊp ˈp lz ɪn‖ɪt wəz ˈpɑːrkt baɪ ə ˈfaɪr ∘haɪdr ənt ən ə ˈdɑːrk ˈfɔːr ən ˈlʊk ɪŋ ʃoʊ
ˈf wəð ə ˈfeɪs əv ˈkɑːrvd ˈwʊd wəz bɪ ˈhaɪnd ðə ˈhwiːl‖ði ɪn ˈtɪr i r wəz ə ˈpoʊlst rd ɪn ˈkwɪlt əd ˈgreɪ ʃə
ˈniːl‖ði ˈɪnd i ən ˈpʊt mi ən ðə ˈbæk‖sɪ ɪŋ ðər ə ˈloʊn aɪ ˈfelt laɪk ə ˈhaɪ klæs ˈkɔːrps ˈleɪd ˈaʊt baɪ ən ˈʌnd
r teɪk r wəð ə ˈlɑː əv ˈgʊd ˈteɪst‖
ði ˈɪnd i ən ˈgɑː ˈɪn bɪ ˈsaɪd ðə ʃoʊ ˈf ən ðə ˈkɑːr ˈt nd ɪn ðə ˈmɪd l əv ðə ˈblɑːk ən ə ˈkɑːp ə ˈkroːs ðə
ˈstriːt sed ˈheɪ ˈwiːk li əz ˈɪf i ˈdɪd n ˈmiːn ət ən ˈðen ˈbent ˈdaʊn ˈkwɪk li tə ˈtaɪ ɪʒ ˈʃuː‖
wi ˈwent ˈwest ˈdrɑːpt ˈoʊv r tə ˈsʌn set ən slɪd ˈfæst ən ˈnɔɪz ləs ə ˈlɒːŋ ˈðæt‖ði ˈɪnd i ən ˈsæt ˈmoʊʃ n ləs
bɪ ˈsaɪd ðə ʃoʊ ˈf ‖ən ə ˈkeɪʒ nəl ˈhwɪf əv hɪz ˈp s n ˈæl ət i ˈdrɪft əd ˈbæk tə mi‖ðə ˈdraɪv r ˈlʊkt əz əf hi
wəz ˈhæf ə ˈsliːp bə i ˈpæst ðə ˈfæst bɔɪz ɪn ðə kən ˈv

əb l sɪ ˈdænz əz ˈðoʊ ðəɪ wr ˈbiː ɪŋ ˈtoʊd‖ðəɪ

ˈtɝːnd ˈɑːn ˈɒːl ðə ˈgriːn ˈlaɪts fɔːr ɪm‖ˈsʌm ˈdraɪv rz r ˈlaɪk ðæt‖hiː ˈnev r ˈmɪst ˈhwʌn‖
ɪt əd bɪn ə ˈwɔːrm ˈæft r ˈnuːn bət ðə ˈhiːt wəz ˈgɒːn‖wiː hwɪpt pæst ə ˈdɪst ənt ˈklʌst r əv ˈlaɪ əd ˈbɪld
ɪŋz ənd ən ˈend ləs ˈsɪr iːz əv ˈlaɪ əd ˈmænʃ nz ˈnɑːt tuː ˈkloʊs tə ðə ˈroʊd‖wiː ˈdɪpt ˈdaʊn tə ˈsk

ə

ˈhjuːʤ ˈgriːn ˈpoʊl oʊ fiːld wɪθ ə ˈnʌð r ˈiːk wəl i ˈhjuːʤ ˈprækt əs fiːld bə ˈsaɪd ɪt ˈsɔːrd ə gen tə ðə ˈtɑːp
əv ə ˈhɪl ən ˈswʌŋ ˈmaʊnt n wrd ʌp ə ˈstiːp ˈhɪl ˈroʊd əv ˈkliːn ˈkɑːn kriːt ðət ˈpæst ˈɔːr nʤ groʊvz sʌm ˈrɪʧ
mænz ˈpet bɪ kəz ðɪs əz ˈnɑːt ˈɔːr nʤ ˈkʌntr i‖ən ðen ˈlɪ l baɪ ˈlɪ l ðə ˈlaɪ əd ˈwɪnd oʊz əv ðə ˈmɪl jə
ˈnerz hoʊmz wr ˈgɒːn ən ðə ˈroʊd ˈnær oʊd ən ˈðɪs wəz ˈstɪl wʊd ˈhaɪts‖
EXERCISE 79
2
...
S 4
...
D 6
...
D 8
...
S 10
...
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development
4
...
Trades Union Congress
6
...
University of California at Los Angeles
8
...
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organisation

OPEC ˈəʊp ek
UCCA ˈʌk ə

Separate
letters
OECD
TUC
UCLA
UDI

UNESCO
ju ˈnesk əʊ

EXERCISE 82
1
...
ˌʌm ˈbæl əns 3
...
ʌŋ ˈgreɪt fəl 5
...
ˈmɪb pɔɪnt 7
...
ˈwiːg ∘kɪl ə
EXERCISE 83
1
...
tjuːb 3
...
ə ˈʤuːs 5
...
rɪ ˈdjuːs 7
...
ˌriː
ˈkɒnst ɪ tjuːt
EXERCISE 84
hi swʌŋ raʊn stɑːtld‖ə nɒk ɒn ɪz dɔː‖ðeə mʌs bi sʌm mɪsteɪk‖ɔːr ɪz ɪəz wə pleɪɪŋ ɪm trɪks‖ðə dɑːknəs
Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

57

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
əv ðə rʊm fər i əd nɒʧet swɪʧt ɒn ðə laɪts meɪd ðɪs siːm mɔː plɔːzəbl‖bət nəʊ ðə nɒk wəz rɪpiːtɪd‖
kʌm ɪn hi sed ɪn ə θɪŋ krækt vɔɪs əŋ klɪəd ɪz θrəʊt‖kʌm ɪn‖hi muːvd iːgəli təwɔːdz ðə dɔː tə welkəm ɪz
vɪzɪtə ən tə tɜːn ðə laɪts ɒn ət ðə seɪm taɪm bək kəlaɪdɪd wɪð ə ʧeə ən dropt ɪz sɪgɑː wɪʧ rəʊld ʌndə ðə
teɪbl‖hi daɪvd ɑːftər ɪt əz ðə dɔːr əʊpənd‖ə segmənt əv laɪt frəm ðə kɒrɪdɔː fel əkrɒs ðə flɔː bət dɪd nɒt
rɪviːl ðə haɪdɪŋ pleɪs əv ðə sɪgɑː‖ə wʊmənz vɔɪs sed ʌnsɜːtnli prəfesə zæp‖
jeə kʌm ɪn‖wʊʤuː swɪʧ ðə laɪt ɒn pliːz‖
ðə laɪts keɪm ɒn ən i hɜːd ðə wʊməŋ gɑːsp‖weər ɑː juː‖
ʌndə hɪə‖hi faʊnd steərɪŋ ət ə peər əv θɪk fɜː laɪmb buːts ən ðə hemlaɪn əv ə ʃægi fɜː kəʊt‖tə ðiːz wəz
ædɪd ə məʊmənt leɪtə ən invɜːtɪd fiːmeɪl feɪs skɑːvd red nəʊzd ən æprɪhensɪv‖
aɪl bi raɪt wɪð ju hi sed‖aɪ drɒpt maɪ sɪgɑː sʌmweər ʌndə hɪə‖
EXERCISE 85
refinement rɪ ˈfaɪm mənt
Anticipatory dealveolar assimilation of the n, anticipating the m
...

tempestuous tem ˈpeʃ ʧu⌣əs
Assimilation of the s, anticipating the following ʧ
...

institution ˌɪntst ɪ ˈʧuːʃ ən
Assimilation: coalescence of t and j to form ʧ
...

enfold ɪn ˈfɒʊld
Use of special allophone ɒʊ before l in the same syllable
...

tune ˈʧuːn
Assimilation: coalescence of t and j to form ʧ
...

EXERCISE 86
b
...

Word
Pronunciation on
cassette
Buckingham
ˈbʌk ɪŋ həm
confirm
kɒn ˈfɜːm
anything
ˈen i θɪŋk
nuclear
Bangor
ˈnjuːk jəl ə
maintenance
ˈbæŋ ə
asphalt
meɪn ˈteɪn əns
Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

Alternative, regional,
or 'incorrect'?
regional
regional
incorrect
incorrect
incorrect
incorrect
incorrect

Recommended
pronunciation
ˈbʌk ɪŋ əm
kən ˈfɜːm
ˈen i θɪŋ
ˈnjuːk li ə
ˈbæŋ gə
meɪn ˈtən əns
58

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru
accumulated
ˈæʃ felt
migraine
ə ˈkjuːm ə leɪt ɪd
mischievous
ˈmaɪ greɪn
Meteorological
mɪs ˈʧiːv əs

incorrect
alternative
incorrect
incorrect

ˈæs fælt
ə ˈkjuːm jə leɪt ɪd
ˈmiː greɪn
ˈmɪs ʧɪv əs

ˌmiːt ər ə ˈlɒʤ ɪk l

ˌmiːt i ər ə ˈlɒʤ ɪk l

EXERCISE 87
1
...
ˌkɑːd i⌣əʊ ˈgræf ɪk 3
...
mɒn ə græm 5
...
pə ˈlɪg əm i
EXERCISE 88
The possible combinations of first and second elements are:
cacogamy

kæ ˈkɒg əm i, kə-

monogamy

cacogenous

kæ ˈkɒʤ ən əs, kə-

monogenous mə ˈnɒʤ ən əs

cacogram

ˈkæk əʊ græm, -ə-

monographic ˌmɒn əʊ ˈgræf ɪk, -ə-

cacographic

ˌkæk əʊ ˈgræf ɪk, -ə-

monogonal

mə ˈnɒg n əl

cacogonal

kæ ˈkɒg n əl, kə-

monophony

mə ˈnɒf ən i

cardiogamy

ˌkɑːd i ˈɒg əm i

octagamy

ɒk ˈtæg əm i

octagenous

ɒk ˈtæʤ ən əs

cardiogenous ˌkɑːd i ˈɒʤ ən əs

mə ˈnɒg əm i

cardiogram

ˈkɑːd i⌣əʊ græm, -ə-

octagram

ˈɒkt ə græm

cardiogonal

ˌkɑːd i ˈɒg n l

octagraphic

ˌɒkt ə ˈgræf ɪk

cardiophony ˌkɑːd i ˈɒf ən i

octaphony

ɒk ˈtæf ən i

endogamy

en ˈdɒg əm i

polygenous

pə ˈlɪʤ ən əs

endogram

ˈend əʊ græm, -ə-

polygram

ˈpɒl i græm

polygraphic

ˌpɒl i ˈgræf ɪk

endographic ˌend əʊ ˈgræf ɪk, -əendogonal

en ˈdɒg n əl

polygonal

pə ˈlɪg n əl

endophony

en ˈdɒf ən i

polyphony

pə ˈlɪf ən i

Сайт «Артефакт» — http://artefact
...
ru

59



---