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Stomach

1
...
Empty into
portal vein (NEVER ASKED)

Lymhatic drainage:

i
...

3 lymphatic areas corresponding with arterial territories
iii
...

Area B represents the right 2/3 of lower third- into inferior gastric lymph node along
right gastro-epiploic artery
v
...
What are the organs that form the stomach bed – SSSKPTD
•
•
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Spleen
Suprarenal gland
Splenic artery
Kidney (left)
Pancreas
Transverse mesocolon
Dome of diaphragm (left)


4
...
What are the surfaces of stomach?

•
•

Anterior-superior surface: undercover of left costal margin, left lobe of liver, anterior
abdominal wall
Postero-interior surface: in contact with structures forming stomach bed


6
...
Name the 9 abdominal regions
- Anterior abdominal wall extends from xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis
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Right hypochondrium
Left hypochondrium
Epigastric
Right lumbar
Left lumbar
Umbilical
Right iliac
Left iliac
Hypogastrium


2
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Name all the layers of anterior abdominal wall
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•
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Skin
Superficial fatty layer of superficial fascia
Deep membranous layer of superficial fascia
External oblique muscle
Internal oblique muscle
Transversus abdominis
Transversalis fascia
Extraperitoneal fat
Parietal peritoneum


4
...
What are the actions of muscles of anterior abdominal wall?

• Support, protect the abdominal viscera, compress abdominal contents, increase abdominal
pressure, assist in breathing
•
•

ANATOMY ESSAY GIT MED 2212 – Syukri Khairi Corporation

Intestines

1
...
What is the differences between jejunum and ileum
a) Without mesentery
Characteristics
Lumen
Walls
Plicae
Diameter
Peyers patches
Site



Jujenum
Often empty
Thicker, more vascular,redder
Thicker, larger, closely packed
Larger
Absent
Umbilical region


Ileum
Not usually
Thin and less vascular
Thin wide apart in terminal
Smaller
Present in terminal part
Hypogastric, inguinal region


b) With mesentry

Characteristics
Mesentry

Jujenum
Fat-free, Thin

Arterial arcades
Vasa recta
Windows

1 or 2
Long; parallel about 3
...
2 cm going to gut
Opaque (due to presence of fat)


3
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What are the main part of large intestine
•
•
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Caecum and appendix
Colon (ascending, descending, transverse, sigmoid)
Rectum
Anal canal


5
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What are the main characteristics of large intestine?
•
•
•

3 thick bands of longitudinal muscles (taenia coli); 1 anterior and 2 posterior
Sacculation of its wall between taenia coli is called haustra
Small pouches of peritoneum filled with fat called ‘appendices epiploicae’

7
...
Pelvic splanchnic the rest





















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Inguinal canal


1
...
What are the structures passing through inguinal canal

• Male : Spermatic cord
• Female: Round ligament of uterus
• Both sexes have iliolinguinal nerve

3
...
They can be returned to their normal place
Direct (acquired) inguinal hernia is when sac of hernia is medial to inferior epigastric artery
...
It protrudes through inguinal triangle
Indirect (congenital) hernia: more common than direct, males than female, and it
transverses the entire inguinal canal















ANATOMY ESSAY GIT MED 2212 – Syukri Khairi Corporation

Extra hepatic biliary apparatus

1
...
What are the parts of gall bladder and the relations?

• Parts: Fundus, body and neck
• Surface marking of the fundus: level of the tip of the right 9th costal cartilage
• Relations:

a) Anterior: Inferior surface of liver and anterior abdominal wall
b) Posterior: Transverse colon and first and second part of duodenum
•
•


3
...
Lower part drains into lower hepatic and upper
pancreaticosplenic nodes
















ANATOMY ESSAY GIT MED 2212 – Syukri Khairi Corporation

Liver


1
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Describe the anatomy of the liver

•
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Largest gland in the body
Present in the right hypochondrium and epigastrium region
...
What are the relations of liver?

•
•
•

Diaphragmatic: diaphragm and right and left costal margin
Inferior (posteroinferior) : left lobe is gastric impression for stomach, right lobe is colic
impression, renal impression and duodenal impression for kidney
Posterior: groove for inferior vena cava













ANATOMY ESSAY GIT MED 2212 – Syukri Khairi Corporation

Mouth, toungue and palate

1
...
What is peritoneum and name its types

• Thin transparent serous membrane lines the wall of abdominal cavity
• Parietal : lines the wall of abdominal and pelvic cavities
• Visceral : Invest the organs
• Potential space between them is peritoneal cavity (divided to greater and lesser sac)

2
...
Describe the interior of anal canal

• Longitudinal ridges called ‘anal columns of Morgagni’
• Have valves which have smnall recess called ‘anal sinuses’
• Ano rectal line indicated by superior ends of columns (where rectum joins anal canal)
• Pectinate line is the inferior end of columns (where anal valves are present)
• Part below pectinate line is called transitional zone or pecten, ends in white line of Hilton
• Below this line is ‘anal verge’ or true skin

2
...
What are the applied anatomy of rectum and anal canal?
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•
•


•
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Internal haemorrhoids
External haemorrhoids
Fissure-in-ano
Fistula-in-ano
Perinatal abscesses








ANATOMY ESSAY GIT MED 2212 – Syukri Khairi Corporation

Pharynx and oesophagus

1
...
What are the blood supply, nerve supply and venous drainage of oesophagus

•
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
•
a)
b)
c)

Arterial supply

Inferior thyroid artery
Branches from bronchial artery
Branches from descending thoracic aorta
Inferior phrenic artery
Left gastric artery

Venous drainage

Inferior thyroid artery (cervical)
Azygous vein (thoracic)
Left gastric (abdominal)


Lymphatic drainage

a) Deep cervical group of LN
b) Posterior mediastinal LN
c) Preaortic and coelic LN
•










ANATOMY ESSAY GIT MED 2212 – Syukri Khairi Corporation

Portal Vein and Porto-caval anastomosis

1
...
Describe the formation of portal vein

• From 3 major veins; Superior mesentric vein, inferior mesenteric, splenic vein
• Formed by the union of splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein posterior to neck of
pancreas
• Inferior mesenteric vein drain into splenic vein


Pancreas

1
...
What are the relations according to part of pancreas?

• Head: anterior to IVC, right renal vessels, left renal veins
• Neck : Grooved posteriorly by superior mesenteric vein which join splenic vein forms the
portal vein
• Body :

a) Anterior: covered by peritoneum and forms stomach bed
b) Posterior: devoid of peritoneum, related to splenic vein
c) Inferior : Covered with lower layer of transverse mesocolon

•

Tail : Thick and maybe pointed or blunt, end usually contacts with hilum of spleen




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ANATOMY ESSAY GIT MED 2212 – Syukri Khairi Corporation



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