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Chemistry
Topics Covered:
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Solutions
Dilution
Titration
Neutralization
Freezing Point Depression
Boiling Point Elevation
Vapor Pressure Depression
Concentration
 How to express
 Math relating to expressions

Solutions
“Don’t worry, we’ll have problems to go with them
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Solvent dissolves the solute
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Water in the solvent
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E
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extra salty salt water
Dissolving is a physical, not a chemical, process
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The components keep their own physical and chemical properties
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Aqueous (aq) = dissolved in water
Solubility Rules!
Like Dissolves Like!
 Non-polar solvents dissolve non polar solutes
 Polar solvents dissolve polar and ionic solutes
 Metallic solvents dissolver metallic solutes
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Molecules mingle
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Particles on the surface of a solid get surrounded by solvent particles (solvation)
and lifted out of the solute
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NOT to be confused with sAlvation
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In the
crystal, i
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water of hydration
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Use % of water to find masses of water and salt in 100g
2
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3
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Concentration
How do you express concentration?
 Mass % composition
o Mass of solute/total x 100%
 Molarity
o Mols solute/L solution (M)
 Molality
o Moles solute/kg solvent (m)
 Mole Fraction
o Moles solute/moles total
 Density
o Mass/volume (g/mL or g/mL)

Dilution
molesbefore=molesafter
V1xM1= ___moles
V2xM2=___ moles
Before: small volume but higher concentration
After: large volume but lower concentration
Titration
Volume x Molarity=moles
Moles of H+ and OH- are equal
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Get neutralized
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i= NaCl (s)  (plus H2O) Na++ Clone mole of NaCl  2 moles of ions
i=2
Kf= Constant (Konstant)
m= molality, moles solute/kg solvent
Boiling Point Elevation
deltaTb=iKbm

deltaT

is the change in temperature
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32 H2O

----------------- = ----------------- =
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51m total


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98% water
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VP is 745mmHg

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