Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

PHP Tutorial - Learn PHP
If you want to learn the basics of PHP, then you've come to the right place
...

Begin to understand the working model of PHP, so you may begin to design your own PHP projects
...


PHP stands for PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
...
net, "PHP is an HTML-embedded scripting language
...
The goal of
the language is to allow web developers to write dynamically generated pages quickly
...
However, it does contain a lot of terms you may not be used to
...
It then sees which
parts it needs to show to visitors(content and pictures) and hides the other stuff(file operations, math
calculations, etc
...
After the translation into HTML, it sends the webpage to
your visitor's web browser
...
PHP will allow you to:

•
•
•
•

Reduce the time to create large websites
...

Open up thousands of possibilities for online tools
...

Allow creation of shopping carts for e-commerce websites
...

Basic programming knowledge - This isn't required, but if you have any traditional programming
experience it will make learning PHP a great deal easier
...
If you want a drivethrough PHP tutorial this probably is not the right tutorial for you
...
Read a couple lessons, take a
break, then do some more after the information has had some time to sink in
...
tizag
...
php

PHP - Syntax
Before we talk about PHP's syntax, let us first define what syntax is referring to
...


PHP's syntax and semantics are similar to most other programming languages (C, Java, Perl) with the
addition that all PHP code is contained with a tag, of sorts
...


PHP Code:
?>
or the shorthand PHP tag that requires shorthand support to be enabled
on your server
...
This will ensure that your scripts will work, even
when running on other servers with different settings
...
php extension, instead of the standard
...
So be sure to check that you are
saving your files correctly
...
html, it should be index
...


Example Simple HTML & PHP Page
Below is an example of one of the easiest PHP and HTML page that you can create and still follow web
standards
...
If not, please check that you followed our example correctly
...


The Semicolon!
As you may or may not have noticed in the above example, there was a semicolon after the line of PHP
code
...
For example, if we
repeated our "Hello World!" code several times, then we would need to place a semicolon at the end of each
statement
...
This means it is OK to have one line of
PHP code, then 20 lines of blank space before the next line of PHP code
...


PHP and HTML Code:





echo "Hello World!";
echo "Hello World!";
?>



Display:
Hello World!Hello World!
This is perfectly legal PHP code
...
A detailed explanation of variables is beyond the scope of this tutorial, but
we've included a refresher crash course to guide you
...
A
variable can then be reused throughout your code, instead of having to type out the actual value over and over
again
...
This is a common mistake for new PHP
programmers!

A Quick Variable Example
Say that we wanted to store the values that we talked about in the above paragraph
...

See our example below for the correct way to do this
...


PHP Variable Naming Conventions
There are a few rules that you need to follow when choosing a name for your PHP variables
...

PHP variables may only be comprised of alpha-numeric characters and underscores
...

Variables with more than one word should be separated with underscores
...
$myVariable

PHP - Echo
As you saw in the previous lesson, the PHP function echo is a means of outputting text to the web
browser
...
So let's give it a
solid perusal!

Outputting a String
To output a string, like we have done in previous lessons, use the PHP echo function
...


PHP Code:
$myString = "Hello!";
echo $myString;
echo "

I love using PHP!

";
?>

Display:
Hello!

I love using PHP!
In the above example we output "Hello!" without a hitch
...
To do this we
simply put the

at the beginning of the string and closed it at the end of the string
...
However, you must be careful when using HTML
code or any other string that includes quotes! The echo function uses quotes to define the beginning and
end of the string, so you must use one of the following tactics if your string contains quotations:

•
•
•

Don't use quotes inside your string
Escape your quotes that are within the string with a slash
...
e
...


See our example below for the right and wrong use of the echo function:

PHP Code:
// This won't work because of the quotes around specialH5!
echo "

I love using PHP!

";
// OK because we escaped the quotes!
echo "

I love using PHP!

";
// OK because we used an apostrophe '
echo "

I love using PHP!

";
?>

If you want to output a string that includes quotations, either use an apostrophe ( ' ) or escape the
quotations by placing a slash in front of it ( \" )
...


Echoing Variables
Echoing variables is very easy
...

Below is the correct format for echoing a variable
...
My name is: ";
$my_number = 4;
$my_letter = a;
echo $my_string;
echo $my_number;
echo $my_letter;
?>

Display:
Hello Bob
...
By doing such a conjunction you save yourself from
having to do a large number of echo statements
...

)
...


PHP Code:
$my_string = "Hello Bob
...
"Bobettta"
...
Who are you? "
...
$newline;
echo "Hi, I'm Bob
...
$my_string
...
My name is: Bobetta
Hi, I'm Bob
...
My name is:
Hi, I'm Bob
...
My name is: Bobetta
This combination can be done multiple times, as the example shows
...


PHP - Strings
In the last lesson, PHP Echo, we used strings a bit, but didn't talk about them in depth
...


PHP - String Creation
Before you can use a string you have to create it! A string can be used directly in a function or it can be
stored in a variable
...


PHP Code:
$my_string = "Tizag - Unlock your potential!";
echo "Tizag - Unlock your potential!";
echo $my_string;

In the above example the first string will be stored into the variable $my_string, while the second string will
be used in the echo function and not be stored
...
They look identical just as we thought
...


PHP Code:
$my_string = 'Tizag - Unlock your potential!';
echo 'Tizag - Unlock your potential!';
echo $my_string;

If you want to use a single-quote within the string you have to escape the single-quote with a backslash \
...

Double-quotes allow for many special escaped characters to be used that you cannot do with a single-quote
string
...


PHP Code:
$newline = "A newline is \n";
$return = "A carriage return is \r";
$tab = "A tab is \t";
$dollar = "A dollar sign is \$";
$doublequote = "A double-quote is \"";

Note: If you try to escape a character that doesn't need to be, such as an apostrophe, then the backslash
will show up when you output the string
...
A tab, newline, and carriage return are all examples of extra (ignorable) white space
...
PHP
introduces a more robust string creation tool called heredoc that lets the programmer create multi-line strings
without using quotations
...
com
Webmaster Tutorials
Unlock your potential!
TEST;

echo $my_string;

There are a few very important things to remember when using heredoc
...
In this example we chose TEST as
our identifier
...
In this example that
was TEST;
The closing sequence TEST; must occur on a line by itself and cannot be indented!

Another thing to note is that when you output this multi-line string to a web page, it will not span multiple
lines because we did not have any
tags contained inside our string! Here is the output made from the
code above
...
com Webmaster Tutorials Unlock your potential!
Once again, take great care in following the heredoc creation guidelines to avoid any headaches
...
You have already seen the string concatenation operator "
...

There are many operators used in PHP, so we have separated them into the following categories to make
it easier to learn them all
...
Such an assignment of value is done with the "=", or equal character
...
Assignments can also be used in conjunction
with arithmetic operators
...
$addition
...
$subtraction
...
$multiplication
...
$division
...
$modulus

...

In this case it was 5 / 2, which has a remainder of 1
...
Modulus is the remainder after the division operation has been
performed
...


Comparison Operators
Comparisons are used to check the relationship between variables and/or values
...
Comparison operators
are used inside conditional statements and evaluate to either true or false
...

Assume: $x = 4 and $y = 5;
Operator
English
Example Result
==

Equal To

$x == $y false

!=

Not Equal To

$x != $y true

<

Less Than

$x < $y

true

>

Greater Than

$x > $y

false

<=

Less Than or Equal To

$x <= $y true

>=

Greater Than or Equal To $x >= $y false

String Operators
As we have already seen in the Echo Lesson, the period "
...


PHP Code:
$a_string = "Hello";
$another_string = " Billy";
$new_string = $a_string
...
"!";

Display:
Hello Billy!

Combination Arithmetic & Assignment Operators
In programming it is a very common task to have to increment a variable by some fixed amount
...
Say you want to increment a counter by 1, you would have:

•

$counter = $counter + 1;

However, there is a shorthand for doing this
...
The downside to this
combination operator is that it reduces code readability to those programmers who are not used to such an
operator
...
In general, "+=" and "-=" are the
most widely used combination operators
...
=

Concatenate Equals $my_str
...
"hello";

Pre/Post-Increment & Pre/Post-Decrement
This may seem a bit absurd, but there is even a shorter shorthand for the common task of adding 1 or
subtracting 1 from a variable
...
Our PHP code below will display the difference
...
$x++;
echo "
The value of x after the post-plusplus is "
...
++$x;
echo "
The value of x after the pre-plusplus is "
...
However, with the pre-increment "++$x" the variable does
reflect the addition immediately
...
The PHP comment syntax always
begins with a special character sequence and all text that appears between the start of the comment and the
end will be ignored by the browser
...
However, PHP's comments are different in that they will not be displayed to
your visitors
...
This makes PHP
comments only useful to PHP programmers
...


HTML Code:


PHP Comment Syntax: Single Line Comment
While there is only one type of comment in HTML, PHP has two types
...
The single line comment tells the interpreter to ignore everything that occurs on that line
to the right of the comment
...


PHP Code:
echo "Hello World!"; // This will print out Hello World!
echo "
Psst
...
You can't see my PHP comments!
Notice that a couple of our echo statements were not evaluated because we commented them out with the
single line comment
...


PHP Comment Syntax: Multiple Line Comment
Similiar to the HTML comment, the multi-line PHP comment can be used to comment out large blocks of
code or writing multiple line comments
...


PHP Code:
/* This Echo statement will print out my message to the
the place in which I reside on
...
*/
echo "Hello World!";
/* echo "My name is Humperdinkle!";
echo "No way! My name is Uber PHP Programmer!";
*/
?>

Display:
Hello World!

Good Commenting Practices
One of the best commenting practices that I can recommend to new PHP programmers is
...
However, do you really believe that you will remember exactly what you were
thinking when looking at this code a year or more down the road?
Let the comments permeate your code and you will be a happier PHPer in the future
...


The Include Function
Without understanding much about the details of PHP, you can save yourself a great deal of time with the
use of the PHP include function
...

Why is this a cool thing? Well, first of all, this means that you can type up a common header or menu file
that you want all your web pages to include
...


An Include Example
Say we wanted to create a common menu file that all our pages will use
...
php" extension
...
php"
...
php Code:


About Us Contact Us


Save the above file as "menu
...
Now create a new file, "index
...
php"
...


index
...
php"); ?>

This is my home page that uses a common menu to save me time when I add
new pages to my website!

Display:
Home - About Us - Links - Contact Us

This is my home page that uses a common menu to save me time when I add new pages
to my website!
And we would do the same thing for "about
...
php", and "contact
...
Just think how terrible it
would be if you had 15 or more pages with a common menu and you decided to add another web page to that
site
...
php" and all your problems are solved
...


What do Visitors See?
If we were to use the include function to include a common menu on each of our web pages, what would
the visitor see if they viewed the source of "index
...
php to a Visitor:


About Us Contact Us

This is my home page that uses a common menu to save me time when I add
new pages to my website!

The visitor would actually see all the HTML code as one long line of HTML code, because we have not
inserted any new line characters
...
We will be
discussing new line characters later
...
Include is quite useful when you want to include the same PHP, HTML, or text
segment on multiple pages of a website
...

The next lesson will talk about a slight variation of the include function: the require function
...
Read the next lesson to find out
why!

PHP Require Function
Just like the previous lesson, the require function is used to include a file into your PHP code
...


Require vs Include
When you include a file with the include function and PHP cannot find it you will see an error message like
the following:

PHP Code:
include("noFileExistsHere
...
php): failed to open stream: No such file or directory in
/home/websiteName/FolderName/tizagScript
...
php' for inclusion (include_path='
...
php on line 2
Hello World!
Notice that our echo statement is still executed, this is because a Warning does not prevent our PHP
script from running
...


PHP Code:
require("noFileExistsHere
...
php): failed to open stream: No such file or directory in
/home/websiteName/FolderName/tizagScript
...
php'
(include_path='
...
php on line 2
The echo statement was not executed because our script execution died after the require function
returned a fatal error! We recommend that you use require instead of include because your scripts should not
be executing if necessary files are missing or misnamed
...
If you have something to do the next day, say
go to work, school, or an appointment, then you will set your alarm clock to wake you up
...
Whenever you want to make a decision given that something is true (you have something to do
tomorrow) and be sure that you take the appropriate action, you are using an if/then relationship
...
Imagine that on January
1st you want to print out "Happy New Year!" at the top of your personal web page
...

This idea of planning for future events is something you would never have had the opportunity of doing if
you had just stuck with HTML
...
The PHP if statement tests to see if a value is true, and if it is a segment of
code will be executed
...


PHP Code:
$my_name = "someguy";
if ( $my_name == "someguy" ) {
echo "Your name is someguy!
";
}
echo "Welcome to my homepage!";

Display:
Your name is someguy!
Welcome to my homepage!
Did you get that we were comparing the variable $my_name with "someguy" to see if they were equal? In
PHP you use the double equal sign (==) to compare values
...
Let's go a bit
more in-depth into this example to iron out the details
...

We next used a PHP if statement to check if the value contained in the variable $my_name was equal
to "someguy"
The comparison between $my_name and "someguy" was done with a double equal sign "==", not a
single equals"="! A single equals is for assigning a value to a variable, while a double equals is for
checking if things are equal
...

$my_name is indeed equal to "someguy" so the echo statement is executed
...
Say that we
changed the above example to:

PHP Code:
$my_name = "anotherguy";
if ( $my_name == "someguy" ) {
echo "Your name is someguy!
";
}
echo "Welcome to my homepage!";

Display:
Welcome to my homepage!
Here the variable contained the value "anotherguy", which is not equal to "someguy"
...
When used properly, the if
statement is a powerful tool to have in your programming arsenal!

If/Else Conditional Statment
Has someone ever told you, "if you work hard, then you will succeed"? And what happens if you do not
work hard? Well, you fail! This is an example of an if/else conditional statement
...

Else, if you do not work hard, then you will fail
...
With an if statement this is easy
...
If the condition is true, then take them to the "Insert Your Name" page, else let her view the
website as normal because you have already asked her for her name in the past
...
Here's the basic form
of an if/else statement in PHP
...


•
•
•
•
•

We first made a PHP variable called $number_three and set it equal to 3
...
To do such a comparison we use "==",
which in English means "Is Equal To"
...

All code that is contained between the opening curly brace "{" that follows the if statement and the
closing curly brace "}" will be executed when the if statement is true
...


Execute Else Code with False
On the other hand, if the if statement was false, then the code contained in the else segment would have
been executed
...


PHP Code:
$number_three = 421;
if ( $number_three == 3 ) {
echo "The if statement evaluated to true";
} else {
echo "The if statement evaluated to false";
}

Display:
The if statement evaluated to false
The variable was set to 421, which is not equal to 3 and the if statement was false
...


PHP - Elseif
An if/else statement is great if you only need to check for one condition
...
Tanner,
or a regular employee? To check for these different conditions you would need the elseif statement
...
e
...
Just like
an if statement, an elseif statement also contains a conditional statement, but it must be preceded by an if
statement
...

When PHP evaluates your If
...
else statement it will first see if the If statement is true
...
If that is false it will either check the next elseif
statement, or if there are no more elseif statements, it will evaluate the else segment, if one exists (I don't think
I've ever used the word "if" so much in my entire life!)
...


PHP - Using Elseif with If
...
Imagine we have a simpler version of the problem described above
...
Tanner
...


PHP Code:
$employee = "Bob";
if($employee == "Ms
...


PHP Code:
$employee = "Bob";
if($employee == "Ms
...
Tanner", which evaluated to false
...
$employee did in fact equal "Bob" so the phrase "Good Morning Sir!" was
printed out
...
However,
there are times when an if statement is not the most efficient way to check for certain conditions
...
In this example you might have 20 different locations that you would have to check
with a nasty long block of If/ElseIf/ElseIf/ElseIf/
...
This doesn't sound like much fun to code, let's
see if we can do something different
...
A true win-win situation!
The way the Switch statement works is it takes a single variable as input and then checks it against all the
different cases you set up for that switch statement
...


PHP Switch Statement Example
In our example the single variable will be $destination and the cases will be: Las Vegas, Amsterdam,
Egypt, Tokyo, and the Caribbean Islands
...
It found it and proceeded to execute the code
that existed within that segment
...
This break prevents
the other cases from being executed
...
Use this knowledge to enhance the power of your
switch statements!
The form of the switch statement is rather unique, so spend some time reviewing it before moving on
...


PHP Switch Statement: Default Case
You may have noticed the lack of a place for code when the variable doesn't match our condition
...

It's usually a good idea to always include the default case in all your switch statements
...
Note: there is no case before default
...
A very common
application of PHP is to have an HTML form gather information from a website's visitor and then use PHP to do
process that information
...

Imagine we are an art supply store that sells brushes, paint, and erasers
...

Note: This is an oversimplified example to educate you how to use PHP to process HTML form
information
...


Creating the HTML Form
If you need a refresher on how to properly make an HTML form, check out the HTML Form Lesson before
continuing on
...
This file
should be saved as "order
...


order
...
Next we must
alter our HTML form to specify the PHP page we wish to send this information to
...


order
...
php" method="post">

Paint
Brushes
Erasers

Quantity:




Now that our "order
...
php" file which will
process the HTML form information
...
Using an
associate array (this term is explained in the array lesson), we can get this information from the $_POST
associative array
...
The name of this file is "process
...


process
...
$quantity
...

";
echo "Thank you for ordering from Tizag Art Supplies!";
?>


As you probably noticed, the name in $_POST['name'] corresponds to the name that we specified in our
HTML form
...
html" and "process
...
If
someone selected the item brushes and specified a quantity of 6, then the following would be displayed on
"process
...
php Code:
You ordered 6 brushes
...
Let us step through it to be sure you understand what was
going on
...

2
...

4
...
html" that had two input fields specified, "item" and "quantity"
...
php" and set the method to "post"
...
php" get the information that was posted by setting new variables equal to the values
in the $_POST associative array
...


Remember, this lesson is only to teach you how to use PHP to get information from HTML forms
...


PHP - Functions
A function is just a name we give to a block of code that can be executed whenever we need it
...

If you don't, then you get fired! Well, being the savvy PHP programmer you are, you think to yourself, "this
sounds like a situation where I might need functions
...
So don't
give up if you functions confuse you at first!

Creating Your First PHP Function
When you create a function, you first need to give it a name, like myCompanyMotto
...

The actual syntax for creating a function is pretty self-explanatory, but you can be the judge of that
...
You do this by typing the keyword function followed by
your function name and some other stuff (which we'll talk about later)
...
Note: We still have to fill in the code for
myCompanyMotto
...
Do you see the curly braces in the above example "{ }"? These braces define where our function's
code goes
...


Using Your PHP Function
Now that you have completed coding your PHP function, it's time to put it through a test run
...
Let's do two things: add the function code to it and use the function twice
...
com
";
echo "Well, thanks for stopping by!
";
echo "and remember
...
com
";
myCompanyMotto();
echo "Well, thanks for stopping by!
";
echo "and remember
...
com
We deliver quantity, not quality!
Well, thanks for stopping by!
and remember
...
When you are creating a function, follow these simple guidelines:

•
•
•
•

Always start your function with the keyword function
Remember that your function's code must be between the "{" and the "}"
When you are using your function, be sure you spell the function name correctly
Don't give up!

PHP Functions - Parameters
Another useful thing about functions is that you can send them information that the function can then use
...

However, if we were to use parameters, then we would be able to add some extra functionality! A
parameter appears with the parentheses "( )" and looks just like a normal PHP variable
...

Our parameter will be the person's name and our function will concatenate this name onto a greeting
string
...


PHP Code with Function:
function myGreeting($firstName){
echo "Hello there "
...
"!
";
}
?>

When we use our myGreeting function we have to send it a string containing someone's name, otherwise
it will break
...


PHP Code:
function myGreeting($firstName){
echo "Hello there "
...
"!
";
}
myGreeting("Jack");
myGreeting("Ahmed");
myGreeting("Julie");
myGreeting("Charles");
?>

Display:
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello

there
there
there
there

Jack!
Ahmed!
Julie!
Charles!

It is also possible to have multiple parameters in a function
...
Let's modify our function to also include last names
...
$firstName
...
"!
";
}
myGreeting("Jack", "Black");
myGreeting("Ahmed", "Zewail");
myGreeting("Julie", "Roberts");
myGreeting("Charles", "Schwab");
?>

Display:
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello

there
there
there
there

Jack Black!
Ahmed Zewail!
Julie Roberts!
Charles Schwab!

PHP Functions - Returning Values
Besides being able to pass functions information, you can also have them return a value
...
that you
choose!
How does it return a value though? Well, when the function is used and finishes executing, it sort of
changes from being a function name into being a value
...
Something like:

•

$myVar = somefunction();

Let's demonstrate this returning of a value by using a simple function that returns the sum of two integers
...
$myNumber
...
$myNumber
...
However, when we
set $myNumber equal to the function mySum, $myNumber is set equal to mySum's result
...
If you are having a
hard time understanding lessons, the best piece of advice would be to do your best the first time, then be sure
to come back tomorrow and next week and see if it makes anymore sense
...


PHP - Arrays
An array is a data structure that stores one or more values in a single value
...


PHP - A Numerically Indexed Array
If this is your first time seeing an array, then you may not quite understand the concept of an array
...

How would you go about this?
It wouldn't make much sense to have to store each name in its own variable
...
This can be done, and we show you how below
...
The keys were the numbers
we specified in the array and the values were the names of the employees
...
The general form for setting the key of an array equal to a value
is:

•

$array[key] = value;

If we wanted to reference the values that we stored into our array, the following PHP code would get the
job done
...
$employee_array[0]
...
$employee_array[2]
...

Above we showed an example of an array that made use of integers for the keys (a numerically indexed array)
...


PHP - Associative Arrays
In an associative array a key is associated with a value
...
Instead, we could use the
employees names as the keys in our associative array, and the value would be their respective salary
...
$salaries["Bob"]
...
$salaries["Sally"]
...
$salaries["Charlie"]
...
$salaries["Clare"];

Display:
Bob is being paid - $2000
Sally is being paid - $4000
Charlie is being paid - $600
Clare is being paid - $0
Once again, the usefulness of arrays will become more apparent once you have knowledge of for and
while loops
...
Deleting spam email, sealing 50 envelopes, and going to work
are all examples of tasks that are repeated
...
Most often these repetitive tasks are conquered in the loop
...
Before we
show a real example of when you might need one, let's go over the structure of the PHP while loop
...
This logical check is the same as the one that appears in a PHP if statement to determine if it is true or
false
...
Here is the break down of how a
while loop functions when your script is executing:
1
...

3
...


The conditional statement is checked
...
If it is false, then (4) occurs
...

The process starts again at (1)
...

If the conditional statement is false, then the code within is not executed and there is no more looping
...


A Real While Loop Example
Imagine that you are running an art supply store
...
You sell brushes at a flat rate, but would like to display how much different quantities
would cost
...

You know that a while loop would be perfect for this repetitive and boring task
...


Pseudo PHP Code:
$brush_price = 5;
$counter = 10;
echo "";
echo "";
echo "";
while ( $counter <= 100 ) {
echo "";
$counter = $counter + 10;
}
echo "

Quantity	Price
"; echo $counter; echo "	"; echo $brush_price * $counter; echo "

";

Display:
Quantity Price
10

50

20

100

30

150

40

200

50

250

60

300

70

350

80

400

90

450

100

500

Pretty neat, huh? The loop created a new table row and its respective entries for each quantity, until our
counter variable grew past the size of 100
...
Let's review what is going on
...

2
...

4
...

6
...


We first made a $brush_price and $counter variable and set them equal to our desired values
...

The while loop conditional statement was checked, and $counter (10) was indeed smaller or equal to
100
...

We then added 10 to $counter to bring the value to 20
...

After the loop had completed, we ended the table
...
You have
to place slashes before quotations if you do not want the quotation to act as the end of the echo statement
...

With proper use of loops you can complete large tasks with great ease
...
The common tasks that are covered by
a for loop are:
1
...

3
...


Set a counter variable to some initial value
...

Execute the code within the loop
...


The for loop allows you to define these steps in one easy line of code
...
The basic
structure of the for loop is as follows:

Pseudo PHP Code:
for ( initialize a counter; conditional statement; increment a counter){
do this code;
}

Notice how all the steps of the loop are taken care of in the for loop statement
...
A semicolon is needed
because these are separate expressions
...

Here is the example of the brush prices done with a for loop
...
However, the for loop is somewhat more compact and would be preferable in this
situation
...


PHP For Each Loop
Imagine that you have an associative array that you want to iterate through
...

In plain english this statement will do the following:

•

For each item in the specified array execute this code
...


PHP For Each: Example
We have an associative array that stores the names of people in our company as the keys with the values
being their age
...


PHP Code:
$employeeAges;
$employeeAges["Lisa"] = "28";
$employeeAges["Jack"] = "16";
$employeeAges["Ryan"] = "35";
$employeeAges["Rachel"] = "46";
$employeeAges["Grace"] = "34";
foreach( $employeeAges as $key => $value){
echo "Name: $key, Age: $value
";
}

Display:
Name:
Name:
Name:
Name:
Name:

Lisa, Age: 28
Jack, Age: 16
Ryan, Age: 35
Rachel, Age: 46
Grace, Age: 34

The syntax of the foreach statement is a little strange, so let's talk about it some
...

The operator "=>" represents the relationship between a key and value
...
In our example we named the key $key and the value $value
...
Below our example does this and notice how the output is identical
because we only changed the variable names that refer to the keys and values
...
If you recal from one of the previous
lessons on While Loops the conditional statement is checked comes back true then the code within the while
loop is executed
...

On the other hand, a do-while loop always executes its block of code at least once
...


PHP - While Loop and Do While Loop Contrast
A simple example that illustrates the difference between these two loop types is a conditional statement
that is always false
...
I love cookies! *munch munch munch*";
}

Display:

As you can see, this while loop's conditional statement failed (0 is not greater than 1), which means the
code within the while loop was not executed
...
I love cookies! *munch munch munch*";
} while ($cookies > 1);

Display:
Mmmmm
...
I love cookies!" was executed even though the conditional statement was
false
...
In that lesson we opted to use the the post method for submitting, but we could have also chosen
the get method
...


POST - Review
In our PHP Forms Lesson we used the post method
...
php" method="post">


...
php" web page using the
POST method
...
Be sure to take notice the names of the form data names, as they represent the keys in the
"$_POST" associative array
...
php" should make a litte more
sense
...
If you do, then you might see some problems arise
...
If we were to change our HTML form to
the get method, it would look like this:

HTML Code Excerpt:

The get method is different in that it passes the variables along to the "process
...
The URL, after clicking submit, would have this added on to the end
of it:
"?item=##&quantity=##"
The question mark "?" tells the browser that the following items are variables
...
html", we must change the "process
...


PHP Code Excerpt:
$quantity = $_GET['quantity'];
$item = $_GET['item'];

After changing the array name the script will function properly
...
You would not want your visitors seeing something they are not supposed to!

Security Precautions
Whenever you are taking user input and using you need to be sure that the input is safe
...
If you are going to make a user's input available to the public, then you should think about PHP
htmlentities
...
If you are ever going to allow user submitted text to be
visible by the public you should consider using the htmlentities function to prevent them from running html code
and scripts that may be harmful to your visitors
...
For example, the string "'

Dangerous Display:
You'd see whatever spammer site that the malicious user had sent you to
...


When Would You Use htmlentities?
Anytime you allow users to submit content to your website, that other visitors can see, you should
consider removing the ability to let them use HTML
...

With some custom coding you can just remove specific tags from running, but that is beyond the scope of this
lesson
...
Be sure you take the proper precautions
...

This section of the PHP tutorial is completely dedicated to how PHP can interact with files
...
Common errors include editing the wrong file, filling a hard-drive with garbage data, and
accidentally deleting a file's contents
...
However, we
know that there are so many places where code can take a wrong turn, so we urge you to take extra care when
dealing with files in PHP
...
After establishing
those basics, we will then cover other important file tasks, such as: read, write, append, truncate, and
uploading files with PHP
...


PHP - Creating Confusion
In PHP, a file is created using a command that is also used to open files
...

In PHP the fopen function is used to open files
...
So if you use fopen on a file that does not exist, it will create it, given that you
open the file for writing or appending (more on this later)
...
First, we must supply it
with the name of the file that we want it to open
...
e
...

Since we want to create a file, we must supply a file name and tell PHP that we want to write to the file
...


PHP Code:
$ourFileName = "testFile
...
txt" should be created in the same directory where this PHP code resides
...
txt" does not exist and will create it after running this code
...

1
...
txt";
Here we create the name of our file, "testFile
...


2
...
First we use the function fopen and give it two arguments:
our file name and we inform PHP that we want to write by passing the character "w"
...
We save the file handle into the $ourFileHandle variable
...


3
...
fclose takes the file handle that is to be closed
...


PHP - Permissions
If you are trying to get this program to run and you are having errors, you might want to check that you
have granted your PHP file access to write information to the hard drive
...
Use CHMOD to allow the PHP
file to write to disk, thus allowing it to create a file
...
com will have a more in-depth tutorial on how to use CHMOD to set file
permissions
...
In this lesson we will be going into
the details of this important function and see what it has to offer
...

Below are the three basic ways to open a file and the corresponding character that PHP uses
...
The file pointer begins at the front of the file
...
In addition, the data in the file is erased and you will begin writing data at the
beginning of the file
...
The file
pointer begins at the start of the file
...
However, the data in the file is preserved and you begin will writing data at
the end of the file
...

A file pointer is PHP's way of remembering its location in a file
...
This makes sense because you will usually be reading data from the front
of the file
...
When you use reading or writing functions they begin at the
location specified by the file pointer
...
If you want to get information out of a file,
like search an e-book for the occurrences of "cheese", then you would open the file for read only
...
This would wipe clean all existing data within the file
...
txt" file, then you would want to open it to append the
data on to the end
...


PHP - File Open: Advanced
There are additional ways to open a file
...
However, you
can open a file in such a way that reading and writing is allowable! This combination is done by placing a plus
sign "+" after the file mode character
...
The file pointer is at the beginning of the file
...


•

Append: 'a+'

This is exactly the same as r+, except that the file pointer is at the end of the file
...
Replace the (X) with one of the options above (i
...
r,
w, a, etc)
...
txt";
$fh = fopen($ourFileName, 'X') or die("Can't open file");
fclose($fh);

PHP - File Open: Summary
You can open a file in many different ways
...
In later lessons we will go into
greater detail on how each of these different ways to open a file is used in the real world and give some helpful
examples
...
You don't want an open file running around on your server taking up resources and causing mischief!

PHP - File Close Description
In PHP it is not system critical to close all your files after using them because the server will close all files
after the PHP code finishes execution
...
e
...
You should close all files after you have finished with them because it's a
good programming practice and because we told you to!

PHP - File Close Function
In a previous tutorial, we had a call to the function fclose to close down a file after we were done with it
...


PHP Code:
$ourFileName = "testFile
...
In our example we set our variable
"$fileHandle" equal to the file handle returned by the fopen function
...


PHP - File Write
Now that you know how to open and close a file, lets get on to the most useful part of file manipulation,
writing! There is really only one main function that is used to write and it's logically called fwrite
...


PHP Code:
$myFile = "testFile
...
The fwrite function allows data to be written to any type of file
...
Just
give the function those two bits of information and you're good to go!
Below we are writing a couple of names into our test file testFile
...


PHP Code:
$myFile = "testFile
...
txt
...

We wrote to the file testFile
...
Each time we wrote to the file we sent the string $stringData that first
contained Bobby Bopper and second contained Tracy Tanner
...

If you were to open the testFile
...
txt File:
Bobby Bopper
Tracy Tanner

PHP - File Write: Overwriting
Now that testFile
...
All the data contained in the file is wiped clean and you start with an empty file
...
txt and write some new data into it
...
txt";
$fh = fopen($myFile, 'w') or die("can't open file");
$stringData = "Floppy Jalopy\n";
fwrite($fh, $stringData);
$stringData = "Pointy Pinto\n";
fwrite($fh, $stringData);
fclose($fh);

If you now open the testFile
...


Contents of the testFile
...
In this
lesson we will teach you how to read data from a file using various PHP functions
...

Here's the code to read-open the file we created in the PHP File Write lessons
...
txt";
$fh = fopen($myFile, 'r');

The file we created in the last lesson was named "testFile
...
Your PHP script that you are writing should
reside in the same directory as "text
...
Here are the contents of our file from File Write
...
txt Contents:
Floppy Jalopy
Pointy Pinto
Now that the file is open, with read permissions enabled, we can get started!

PHP - File Read: fread Function
The fread function is the staple for getting data out of a file
...

One character is equal to one byte
...


PHP Code:
$myFile = "testFile
...
txt file are now stored inside $theData
...

If you wanted to read all the data from the file, then you need to get the size of the file
...


PHP Code:
$myFile = "testFile
...
txt" file did not have a
tag to create an HTML line
break
...
txt file is stored in the string variable $theData
...
This can or cannot be
useful to you, the programmer
...

Lucky for us our "testFile
...


PHP Code:
$myFile = "testFile
...
txt Contents:
Floppy Jalopy
The fgets function searches for the first occurrence of "\n" the newline character
...


PHP - File Delete
You know how to create a file
...
You even
know how to read and write data from a file!
Now it's time to learn how to destroy (delete) files
...


PHP - File Unlink
When you view the contents of a directory you can see all the files that exist in that directory because the
operating system or application that you are using displays a list of filenames
...

If you unlink a file, you are effectively causing the system to forget about it or delete it!
Before you can delete (unlink) a file, you must first be sure that it is not open in your program
...


PHP - Unlink Function
Remember from the PHP File Create lesson that we created a file named testFile
...


PHP Code:
$myFile = "testFile
...
txt we simply run a PHP script that is located in the same directory
...


PHP Code:
$myFile = "testFile
...
txt should now be removed
...
However, the ways in which we have
written to a file so far have caused the data that was stored in the file to be deleted
...


PHP - File Open: Append
If we want to add on to a file we need to open it up in append mode
...


PHP Code:
$myFile = "testFile
...


PHP - File Write: Appending Data
Using the testFile
...


PHP Code:
$myFile = "testFile
...
The
only thing that is different is that the file pointer is placed at the end of the file in append mode, so all data is
added to the end of the file
...
txt would now look like this:

Contents of the testFile
...

Almost all web servers have a log of some sort
...

A log is basically used to document events that occur over a period of time, rather than all at once
...
This action is also referred to as "truncating" a file
...


PHP - File Open: Truncate
To erase all the data from our testFile
...
All existing data
within testFile
...


PHP Code:
$myFile = "testFile
...
These type of files are most often referred to as temporary files
...

Every time it saves it would take all the data that existed within some HTML form text box and save it to the
server
...
txt, would be truncated and overwritten with new, up-to-date data every thirty
seconds
...


PHP - File Upload
A very useful aspect of PHP is its ability to manage file uploads to your server
...


PHP - File Upload: HTML Form
Before you can use PHP to manage your uploads, you must first build an HTML form that lets users select
a file to upload
...


HTML Code:
...

method="POST" - Informs the browser that we want to send information to the server using POST
...
- Sets the maximum allowable file size, in bytes, that can be
uploaded
...

We have set the max file size to 100KB in this example
...


Save that form code into a file and call it upload
...
If you view it in a browser it should look like this:

Display:
Choose a file to upload:

Upload File

After the user clicks submit, the data will be posted to the server and the user will be redirected to
uploader
...
This PHP file is going to process the form data and do all the work
...
Typically, the PHP file should make a key decision with all uploads: keep the file or throw it away
...

You wanted the person to upload a picture and they uploaded something else, like an executable file
(
...

There were problems uploading the file and so you can't keep it
...


PHP - File Upload: uploader
...
php file is executed, the uploaded file exists in a temporary storage area on the server
...

The $_FILES array is where PHP stores all the information about files
...


•
•
•

uploadedfile - uploadedfile is the reference we assigned in our HTML form
...

$_FILES['uploadedfile']['name'] - name contains the original path of the user uploaded file
...
The file should exist on the server in a temporary directory with a temporary name
...


PHP Code:
// Where the file is going to be placed
$target_path = "uploads/";
/* Add the original filename to our target path
...
extension" */
$target_path = $target_path
...
php resides, called
"uploads", as we are going to be saving files there
...
$target_path contains the path where
we want to save our file to
...
The
move_uploaded_file function needs to know 1) The path of the temporary file (check!) 2) The path where it is to
be moved to (check!)
...
basename( $_FILES['uploadedfile']['name']);
if(move_uploaded_file($_FILES['uploadedfile']['tmp_name'], $target_path)) {
echo "The file "
...

" has been uploaded";
} else{
echo "There was an error uploading the file, please try again!";
}

If the upload is successful, then you will see the text "The file filename has been uploaded"
...

If there was a problem then the error message "There was an error uploading the file, please try again!"
would be displayed
...
We do not recommend placing this on a web page
viewable to the public
...
Because of
this, we recommend that you do not have such a simple file uploader available to the general public
...

We hope you enjoyed learning about how to work with uploading files with PHP
...
You'll most likely come across a
programming problem that requires you to find some data in a string
...


Searching a String with strpos
The way strpos works is it takes some string you want to search in as its first argument and another string,
which is what you are actually searching for, as the second argument
...
However, if it can't find a match it will return false
...


PHP Code:
$numberedString = "1234567890"; // 10 numbers from 1 to 0
$fivePos = strpos($numberedString, "5");
echo "The position of 5 in our string was $fivePos";

Display:
The position of 5 in our string was 4
Notice that the position is 4, which may seem confusing at first, until you realize that PHP starts counting
from 0
...
Also, it is important to note that this function will return the position of the start of the first
match
...


Finding All Occurrences in a String with Offset
One of the limitations of strpos is that it only returns the position of the very first match
...
If you were to store the position of the last match and use that + 1 as an offset, you would skip over the
first match and be find the next one
...
The string it was actually sesarching after computing the offset wa: 6789012345
...

If we use our knowledge of PHP While Loops we can find every single 5 in our string numberedString with
just a few lines of code
...


•
•

•

$offset = strpos($numberedString, "5", $offset + 1) - This is our conditional statement for our PHP While
Loop
...
This conditional statement always runs before
each pass through the while loop
...
We
are going to search our string numberedString for the number 5 and use the last match's value (stored
in $offset) + 1 to skip over the last match
...

$offset = strpos(
...
If strpos ever fails to find a match
then this will be set to false making our while loop stop executing
...
PHP has three primary capitalization related functions: strtoupper, strtolower and ucwords
...


Converting a String to Upper Case - strtoupper
The strtoupper function takes one argument, the string you want converted to upper case and returns the
converted string
...


PHP Code:
$originalString = "String Capitalization 1234";
$upperCase = strtoupper($originalString);
echo "Old string - $originalString
";
echo "New String - $upperCase";

Display:
Old string - String Capitalization 1234
New String - STRING CAPITALIZATION 1234
One might use this function to increase emphasis of a important point or in a title
...

A more technical reason would be to convert two strings you are comparing to see if they are equal
...


Converting a String to Lower Case - strtolower
The strtolower function also has one argument: the string that will be converted to lower case
...


PHP Code:
$titleString = "a title that could use some hELP";
$ucTitleString = ucwords($titleString);
echo "Old title - $titleString
";
echo "New title - $ucTitleString";

Display:
Old title - a title that could use some hELP
New title - A Title That Could Use Some HELP
Notice that the last word "hELP" did not have the capitalization changed on the letters that weren't first,
they remained capitalized
...


PHP Code:
$titleString = "a title that could use some hELP";
$lowercaseTitle = strtolower($titleString);
$ucTitleString = ucwords($lowercaseTitle);
echo "Old title - $titleString
";
echo "New title - $ucTitleString";

Display:
Old title - a title that could use some hELP
New title - A Title That Could Use Some Help

PHP - String Explode
The PHP function explode lets you take a string and blow it up into smaller pieces
...
The sentence "Hello, I would like to lose
weight
...

2
...

4
...

6
...


Hello,
I
would
like
to
lose
weight
...
With that
abstract picture of the explode function in mind, lets take a look at how it really works
...
explode returns an array of string pieces from the original and they are numbered
in order, starting from 0
...


PHP Code:
$rawPhoneNumber = "800-555-5555";
$phoneChunks = explode("-", $rawPhoneNumber);
echo "Raw Phone Number = $rawPhoneNumber
";
echo "First chunk = $phoneChunks[0]
";
echo "Second chunk = $phoneChunks[1]
";
echo "Third Chunk chunk = $phoneChunks[2]";

Display:
Raw Phone Number = 800-555-5555
First chunk = 800
Second chunk = 555
Third Chunk chunk = 5555

explode Function - Setting a Limit
If you want to control the amount of destruction that explode can wreak on your original string, consider
using the third (optional) argument which allows you to set the number of pieces explode can return
...
Below we've blown up a sentence
with no limit and then with a limit of 4
...
";
$wordChunks = explode(" ", $someWords);
for($i = 0; $i < count($wordChunks); $i++){
echo "Piece $i = $wordChunks[$i]
";
}
$wordChunksLimited = explode(" ", $someWords, 4);
for($i = 0; $i < count($wordChunksLimited); $i++){
echo "Limited Piece $i = $wordChunksLimited[$i]
";
}

Display:
Piece 0 = Please
Piece 1 = don't
Piece 2 = blow
Piece 3 = me
Piece 4 = to
Piece 5 = pieces
...


The limited explosion has 4 pieces (starting from 0, ending at 3)
...


PHP - Array implode
The PHP function implode operates on an arrayand is known as the "undo" function of explode
...


PHP implode - Repairing the Damage
The first argument of implode is the string of characters you want to use to join the array pieces together
...


PHP Code:
$pieces = array("Hello", "World,", "I", "am", "Here!");
$gluedTogetherSpaces = implode(" ", $pieces);
$gluedTogetherDashes = implode("-", $pieces);
for($i = 0; $i < count($pieces); $i++){
echo "Piece #$i = $pieces[$i]
";
}
echo "Glued with Spaces = $gluedTogetherSpaces
";
echo "Glued with Dashes = $gluedTogetherDashes";

Display:
Piece #0 = Hello
Piece #1 = World,
Piece #2 = I
Piece #3 = am
Piece #4 = Here!
Glued with Spaces = Hello World, I am Here!
Glued with Dashes = Hello-World,-I-am-Here!
The implode function will convert the entire array into a string and there is no optional argument to limit
this as there was in the explode function
...

This lesson will teach you how to display the current time, formating PHP's timestamp, and show you all
the various date arguments for reference purposes
...
What's a timestamp? Good
question!

•

Timestamp: A timestamp is the number of seconds from January 1, 1970 at 00:00
...


PHP Date - What Time Is It?
The date function uses letters of the alphabet to represent various parts of a typical date and time format
...
The type of output you can expect is 01 through 31
...
You can expect 01 through 12
...
You can expect 00 through 99

We'll tell you the rest of the options later, but for now let's use those above letters to format a simple date!
The letters that PHP uses to represent parts of date and time will automatically be converted by PHP
...

We have opted to use the slash in our example
...
The second argument allows for a timestamp and is optional
...
To go one day in the future
we simply add one to the day argument of mktime
...

Note: These arguments are all optional
...


•

mktime(hour, minute, second, month, day, year, daylight savings time)

PHP Code:
$tomorrow = mktime(0, 0, 0, date("m"), date("d")+1, date("y"));
echo "Tomorrow is "
...
For example
the date("m") will return the month's number 01-12
...

Important Full Date and Time:

•

r: Displays the full date, time and timezone offset
...
Values are 1 through 12
...
Values are 0 through 23
...
Values 01 through 12
...
Values 00 through 23
...
Values 00 through 59
...
Values 00 through 59
...
Values are 01 through 31
...
Values 1 through 31
D: Day of the week abbreviations
...
Values Sunday through Saturday
w: Day of the week without leading zeroes
...

z: Day of the year without leading zeroes
...


Month:

•
•
•
•
•

m: Month number with leading zeroes
...
Values 1 through 12
M: Abbreviation for the month
...
Values January through December
...
Values 28 through 31
...

Y: A four digit year format
y: A two digit year format
...


Other Formatting:

•
•

U: The number of seconds since the Unix Epoch (January 1, 1970)
O: This represents the Timezone offset, which is the difference from Greenwich Meridian Time (GMT)
...


PHP Sessions - Why Use Them?
As a website becomes more sophisticated, so must the code that backs it
...

A normal HTML website will not pass data from one page to another
...
This makes it quite a problem for tasks like a shopping cart, which
requires data(the user's selected product) to be remembered from one page to the next
...
e
...
However, this session information is temporary and is usually deleted
very quickly after the user has left the website that uses sessions
...
If you require a
more permanent storage you will need to find another solution, like a MySQL database
...
This helps to prevent two users' data from getting confused with one another when visiting the same
webpage
...


Starting a PHP Session
Before you can begin storing user information in your PHP session, you must first start the session
...

Below is a simple script that you should place at the beginning of your PHP code to start up a PHP
session
...


Storing a Session Variable
When you want to store user data in a session use the $_SESSION associative array
...
In previous versions of PHP there were other ways to perform this store
operation, but it has been updated and this is the correct way to do it
...
$_SESSION['views']; //retrieve data
?>

Display:
Pageviews = 1
In this example we learned how to store a variable to the session associative array $_SESSION and also
how to retrieve data from that same array
...
When you create a variable and store it in a session, you probably
want to use it in the future
...
isset is a function that takes any variable you want to
use and checks to see if it has been set
...

With our previous example, we can create a very simple pageview counter by using isset to check if the
pageview variable has already been created
...
If it doesn't exist we can
create a pageview counter and set it to one
...
$_SESSION['views'];
?>

The first time you run this script on a freshly opened browser the if statement will fail because no
session variable views would have been stored yet
...
Each time you reran this script you would see an
increase in view by one
...

Imagine that you were running an online business and a user used your website to buy your goods
...


PHP Code:
session_start();
if(isset($_SESSION['cart']))
unset($_SESSION['cart']);
?>

You can also completely destroy the session entirely by calling the session_destroy function
...
They were invented to allow webmaster's
to store information about the user and their visit on the user's computer
...

Nowadays nearly everyone has cookies enabled on their browser, partly because there are worse things to
worry about and partly because all of the "trustworthy" websites now use cookies
...


Creating Your First PHP Cookie
When you create a cookie, using the function setcookie, you must specify three arguments
...

2
...


name: The name of your cookie
...
Common values are username(string) and last
visit(date)
...
If you do not set this expiration date,
then it will be treated as a session cookie and be removed when the browser is restarted
...
We want to ignore people that take longer than two months to return to the site, so
we will set the cookie's expiration date to two months in the future!

PHP Code:
//Calculate 60 days in the future
//seconds * minutes * hours * days + current time
$inTwoMonths = 60 * 60 * 24 * 60 + time();
setcookie(lastVisit, date("G:i - m/d/y"), $inTwoMonths);
?>

Don't worry if you can't follow the somewhat involved date calculations in this example
...


Retrieving Your Fresh Cookie
If your cookie hasn't expired yet, let's retrieve it from the user's PC using the aptly named $_COOKIE
associative array
...
$visit;
?>

This handy script first uses the isset function to be sure that our "lastVisit" cookie still exists on the user's
PC, if it does, then the user's last visit is displayed
...
We will briefly build an HTML form, and call the form data using
PHP
...
Our example will show you a method using a single
...
Below is a quick review of bullets, check boxes,
text fields, and input fields and using them to build a form to retrieve some personal information about our user
...
If you already experienced using HTML forms,
this should be review, however, if not we recommend a brief visit through the Tizag HTML Forms Tutorial
...


Input Fields
Input fields are the simplest forms to grasp
...
Also be aware that for our form's action we have
placed the $PHP_SELF super global to send our form to itself
...
php extension
...
The text you place under the value attribute will
be displayed by the browser when the variable is called with PHP
...
PHP will automatically place the checked boxes into an array if
you place [] brackets at the end of each name
...

Gender::

Male:

:

Female::

Please choose type of residence::

Steak::

Pizza::

Chicken::/>

Textareas
In reality, textareas are oversized input fields
...
PHP relys on this attribute to display the textarea
...

Enter<br />your favorite quote!:


Drop Down Lists & Selection Lists
These two forms act very similar to the already discussed radio and checkbox selections
...


Code:

...
High">Jr
...
As far as names go, you can copy the ones shown or simply
make up your own, just be sure you remember what they are
...


Display:

First Name:
Last Name:
Gender:
Male:
Female:
Favorite Food:
Steak:
Pizza:
Chicken:
Enter your favorite quote!

Select a Level of Education:
Jr
...
Now's the time to throw it into the existing code
...

Code:


...
It's a superglobal of PHP and it's one that is
great to have memorized
...
The best way
to do this, is to make variables for each element in our form, so we can output this data at will, using our own
variable names
...


Code:
$Fname = $_POST["Fname"];
$Lname = $_POST["Lname"];
$gender = $_POST["gender"];
$food = $_POST["food"];
$quote = $_POST["quote"];
$education = $_POST["education"];
$TofD = $_POST["TofD"];
?>
All we are doing here is making easier variable names for our form output
...


$PHP_SELF; - Submission
For the form action, we will call PHP's $PHP_SELF; array
...
Basically, we are setting up the form to call "formexample
...
Here's a glypmse of how to do
just that
...

$quote = $_POST["quote"];
$education = $_POST["education"];
$TofD = $_POST["TofD"];
?>







...
However, we need to adjust
things so that once the data has been submitted we are directed to the results
...
php file that recieves our HTML form data
...
This is a practical method when entering information into
databases as you learn more
...


Code:

$Fname = $_POST["Fname"];
$Lname = $_POST["Lname"];
$gender = $_POST["gender"];
$food = $_POST["food"];
$quote = $_POST["quote"];
$education = $_POST["education"];
$TofD = $_POST["TofD"];
?>






First Name:name="Fname">

Last Name:name="Lname">

Gender:

Male:

Female:

Please choose type of residence:

Steak:

Pizza:

Chicken:/>
Enter<br />your favorite quote!

Select a Level of Education:


HighSchool
College

Select your favorite time of day:


Morning
Day
Night




Page Display
At this point we have a completed form with correct action and submission
...
Before the user submits any
information
...

PHP offers an excellent way to create this effect using an if statement
...
php file
...
(feel free
to be creative here) We use the else clause of our if statement to direct the users to our results section
...

Night


} else {
echo "Hello, "
...
$Lname
...
$gender
...
"
";
}
echo ""
...
"
";
echo "You're favorite time is "
...
", and you passed
"
...
"!
";
}
?>

Here's the completed code

Code:
$Fname = $_POST["Fname"];
$Lname = $_POST["Lname"];
$gender = $_POST["gender"];
$food = $_POST["food"];
$quote = $_POST["quote"];
$education = $_POST["education"];
$TofD = $_POST["TofD"];
if (!isset($_POST['submit'])) { // if page is not submitted to
itself echo the form
?>

First Name:name="Fname">

Last Name:name="Lname">

Gender:

Male:

Female:

Please choose type of residence:

Steak:

Pizza:

Chicken:/>
Enter<br />your favorite quote!

Select a Level of Education:


HighSchool
College

Select your favorite time of day:


Morning
Day
Night



} else {
echo "Hello, "
...
$Lname
...
$gender
...
"
";
}
echo ""
...
"
";
echo "You're favorite time is "
...
", and you passed

"
...
"!
";
}
?>

Here is the completed form formexample
...
High

Select your favorite time of day:
Morning
Day
Night
submit



---

Title: Php work book
Description: this php notes is for better understanding of students. this helps every one to gain knowledge on php. each and every topic explained with example so that learnig is made easy.

Buy These NotesPreview