Notesale: Turn your study into money

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•   Citing  Sources    
o   Important  to  do  more  than  just  mention  supporting  material  in  presentation    
o   Must  link  the  evidence  to  the  claim  you  are  making  and  explain  how  and  why  it  
supports  your  conclusion    
o   Include  the  source  of  the  information  and  the  year  of  publication    
•   Forms  of  Supporting  Material  (most  common)    
o   Personal  assertion    
§   Opinion    
§   Useful  when  you  have  expertise  on  the  subject    
§   If  audience  is  hostile  to  the  point  you  want  to  make,  you  need  to  use  
facts  as  well    
o   Statistics    
§   Numerical  representations  of  more  complex  data  and  more  complex  
relationships    
§   The  number  is  not  the  same  thing  as  the  people  they  represent    
§   Conclusions  based  on  statistics  can  be  more  generalizable  than  specific  
instances    
§   May  be  necessary  to  provide  description  of  the  people,  items,  or  
relationships  the  statistics  represent    
§   ORAL  PRESENTATION    
•   Helpful  to  simplify  statistics  (makes  listening  easier)    
§   Advantages    
•   Magnify  single  example    
•   Simplify  complex  ideas    
•   Make  populations  more  manageable    
•   Add  logical  support  for  the  idea    
o   Examples    
§   Real  instances  or  cases  that  illustrate  the  points  being  made  by  the  
speaker    
§   Effectiveness  of  an  example  is  enhanced  by  detail  and  vivid  description    
§   Great  at  gaining  and  maintaining  the  attention  of  the  audience    
§   Because  they  are  interesting,  engage  the  imagination,  and  are  
memorable,  examples  enhance  the  persuasiveness  of  messages    
§   Be  careful  the  examples  represent  the  conclusions  they  want  the  
audience  to  draw    
§   Use  of  graphic  examples  can  overwhelm  the  audience  
•   Consider  utilizing  stats  along  with  examples  in  order  to  help  
audience  pay  attention  to  message    
o   Testimony    
§   Use  of  quote  or  paraphrased  material  from  another  source    
§   Check  quality  of  source    
§   Audience’s  perception  of  the  source    

§   Benefit  of  using  testimony  is  that  it  helps  to  enhance  or  expand  the  
speaker’s  personal  credibility    
§   Drawback:  you  might  be  unaware  of  challenges  to  this  source’s  credibility    
o   Hypothetical  Example    
§   Like  “Example,”  but  fictional    
§   Has  advantage  of  only  containing  relevant,  generalizable  details    
§   Drawback:  it  may  lack  sufficient  detail  to  be  interesting;  fail  to  provide  a  
coherent  story,  seem  implausible  to  audience    
o   Definitions    
§   Useful  way  to  efficiently  explain  a  new  concept  or  term  to  an  audience    
§   Important  to  avoid  using  the  word  or  phrase  in  definition    
§   Include  link  or  connection  that  lies  within  the  audience’s  existing  frame  of  
reference    
o   Explanation    
§   Provide  additional  detail  to  enhance  the  audience’s  understanding    
§   Is  another  form  of  supporting  material    
o   Analogies  and  Metaphors    
§   Use  of  unrelated  concept  or  idea  and  through  comparison  or  
replacement  help  the  audience  understand  the  new  concept    
§   Metaphor:  replaces  the  new  concept  with  something  different    
o   Compare  and  Contrast:    
§   Frequently  used  as  part  of  an  analogy  or  metaphor

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