Notesale: Turn your study into money

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Matter and Its Properties
Volume is the amount of three-dimensional space an object occupies
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All matter also has a property called
mass
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Mass it the measurement you make using a balance
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Basic Building Blocks of Matter
Matter comes in many forms
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These particles make up elements
and compounds
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An element is a pure
substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable substances and is made of one type of atom
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Each compound is made from the atoms of two or more elements that are
chemically bonded
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It is made of two elements, hydrogen and oxygen
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Properties and Changes in Matter
Every substance has characteristic properties
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Most
chemical investigations are related to or depend on the properties of substances
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Properties can help reveal the identity of an unknown substance
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Comparison of several properties can be used together to establish the identity of an
unknown
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Such properties include volume, mass, and the
amount of energy in a substance
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Such properties
include the melting point, boiling point, density, and ability to conduct electricity and to transfer energy as heat
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Physical
properties describe the substance itself, rather than describing how it can change into other substances
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A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance is called a physical change
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Melting and boiling are part of an important class of physical changes called changes of state
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The three common states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas
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2
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4
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Matter in the liquid state has a definite volume but an indefinite shape
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Plasma is a high-temperature physical state of matter in which atoms
lose most of their electrons, particles that make up atoms
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Chemical Properties and Chemical Changes
Physical properties can be observed without changing the identity of the substance, but properties of the second type—chemical
properties—cannot
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Chemical properties are easiest to see when substances react to form new substances
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The substances that react in a chemical change are called the reactants
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(Arrows and plus signs can be substituted for the words yields and plus
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However, chemical changes do not affect the total amount of matter present before and after a reaction
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Energy and Changes in Matter
When physical or chemical changes occur, energy is always involved
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Sometimes heat provides enough energy to cause a physical change and sometimes heat provides enough energy to cause a
chemical change
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It simply assumes a
different form
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Classification of Matter
Matter exists in an enormous variety of forms
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The composition of a pure substance is the same throughout and does not vary form sample to sample, and can be an element
or a compound
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They can vary in composition and properties from sample to
sample and sometimes from one part of a sample to another part of the same sample
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Mixtures
A mixture is a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity and properties
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Some mixtures are uniform in composition; that is, they are said to be homogeneous
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Homogeneous mixtures are also called solutions
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Some mixtures can be separated by filtration or vaporized to separate the different components
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A pure substance has a fixed composition and differs from a mixture in the
following ways:
1
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Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same characteristic properties
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These properties are so specific that they can be used to identify the
substance
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Pure substances are either compounds or elements
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Laboratory Chemicals and Purity
The chemicals in laboratories are generally treated as if they are pure
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The purity
ranking of the grades can vary when agencies differ in their standards
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Chemists need to be aware of the kinds of impurities in reagent because these
impurities could affect the results of a reaction

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