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BUS 101 Study Guide
Global Competency
1
...
● Has increased complexity of the business environment
i
...
ii
...
Accelerators of Modern Globalization
• The Internet
• Teams
• collaborate – to build coalitions, projects, and products together
• Uploading
• communities talk to each other through blogging, podcasting, tweets
• Supply Chaining
• Company using technology to streamline item sales, distribution, and
shipping
• Ex
...
• Offshoring
• refers to moving any business process to a foreign location, usually to
leverage cost advantages
...
•
• The Steroids
• Digital, Mobile, Personal Devices
3
...
4
...
S
...
Will Wikipedia, YouTube, or any other sources tell me about cultures?
• Yes, we can get generalizations from these sources, but much of culture is
INVISIBLE—it’s not comprised of the physical symbols that are above the
surface
• do you really understand the U
...
if you’ve only been to McDonalds?
Seen the Statue of Liberty? Been to the Vietnam Memorial?
6
...
cultural competency: multiple components to a cultural competency that allows for
effective interaction (the tool kit necessary to become cultural competent)
• Knowledge
of culture and crosscultural interactions: knowing what culture is,
how it varies and how it affects behavior
• Practice of
mindfulness
: ability to pay attention in a reflective and creative way to
cues in crosscultural situations encountered and to one’s own knowledge and
feelings (international EQ!)
• Development of crosscultural , based on knowledge and mindfulness,
skills
resulting in competence across a wide range of situations
8
...
Underlining Values of Cultures
• An effective way to understand similarities and differences among cultures is to
focus on their
underlying values
• individualist
culture:
more concerned with the consequences of actions
for themselves, not for others
...
• Most Collectivistic States: Hawaii, Louisiana, South Carolina,
Mississippi, Maryland, Utah, Virginia, Georgia, California, New
Jersey
• Cultures in Asia, Central America, South America, Middle East
and Africa tend to be more collectivistic
...
Invisible aspects of culture
• High Context Cultures: refers to societies or groups where people have close
connections over a long period of time
...
Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and South America
• People are aware of who is accepted as a group member
• High dependence on verbal & non verbal cues to convey information
• Active listening and observational skills
• Knowledge is confidential with closer relationships
• Activities and decisions are based on rapport and personable relationships
• Authoritative figures are mostly in control
• Low Context Cultures:
Refers to societies where people tend to have many
connections but for shorter duration
...
The US, Germany, Switzerland, and the Scandinavian countries
Rely on the literal and precise meanings of the words they use to convey
information
Information is transparent and specific
Close relationships for small duration of time
Knowledge is open and transferable
Focus on task and responsibilities
Results are the top priority in decision making
FACTOR
HIGH CONTEXT
CULTURE
LOW CONTEXT
CULTURE
Overtness of
messages
Many covert and implicit
messages—reading
between the lines
Simple clear –Explicit
messages
Use of
nonverbal
cues
High non verbal
communication; body
language
Emphasis on verbal
communication
Expression
of Reaction
Reserved; limited outward
emotional expression
Visible outward release
of emotions
Flexibility of
Time
Time is open and flexible
...
End result very important
•
Lower emphasis on non verbal cues
11
...
• Such cultures tend to emphasize laws, regulations, and controls that are
designed to reduce uncertainty
...
Such cultures are less
rule oriented, take more risks, and more readily accept change
...
Other Important dimensions of cultural variation:
• Individualism and collectivism may be the most important dimension of cultural
variation but there are others, as identified by Israeli psychologist Shalom
Schwartz
...
Longterm
versus
Shortterm Orientation
• People in cultures with longterm orientations look to the future and value thrift,
persistence, and tradition
...
14
...
• A highfemininity rating means that the culture has little differentiation between
male and female roles
...
15
...
• A highpowerdistance rating means that large inequalities of power and
wealth exist and are tolerated in the culture
...
• A lowpowerdistance ranking indicates the culture discourages
differences between power and wealth
...
Cultural Competence: Mindfulness as a Skill
1
...
The Problem: When we apply our own programming to then understand others, who
using a DIFFERENT cultural program that they operate from
● The danger in acting on cruise control is that you are
NOT LISTENING, NOT
OBSERVING, NOT FLAGGING
potential cultures or subcultures or
distinctions of personality that may impact the ability to communicate and
understand another
● Effective crosscultural communications require careful
OBSERVATION
and
SOCIAL CUES
that will allow a person to adjust their communications to
account for differences in culture
3
...
5
...
● Therefore we must turn off cultural cruise control and be INDFUL
M
of our own
and another’s behavior and signaling
Practice of mindfulness: ability to pay attention in a reflective and creative way to cues in
crosscultural situations encountered and to one’s own knowledge and feelings
● Put more simply “mindfulness” means paying attention to context; not just relying
on our own assumptions to understand others or our generalized knowledge of a
particular culture
● Mindfulness involves:
● paying attention the external situation, i
...
all of the circumstances of the
interaction
● monitoring your own thoughts and feelings and
● adjusting our understanding of the situation based on our knowledge of
culture and the external circumstances
Another Way to Describe Mindfulness
● Emotional Quotient = Emotional Intelligence
● is the ability to understand other people, what motivates them, and how
to work with them cooperatively
● reading other people’s signals and reacting appropriately is an important
component of this
● in a normal situation, a cultural reference point greatly assists in being able to
read signals
● if I’m an American and I know what a smile in a specific circumstance
generally means, I can read the person smiling to understand what
they’re reacting to
CrossCultural Competency as a SKILL
● It is not enough to have generalized knowledge of a cultural and being mindful of
the circumstances around you to be culturally competent
● You must also have the to make adjustments to your interactions to
skills
accommodate for cultural differences to be achieve effective interaction and
communication
● There is a
SKILL
SET that is critical in achieving cultural competence (AKA the
5 elements of EQ)
:
● can you to others and communicate effectively with another
relate
person,
● are you able to tolerate uncertainty to allow for changes in
communication where needed;
● can you empathize with others to understand and appreciate their
perspective;
● are you able to
perceive
signals that are cues to understand cultural
nuances ; differences
● and can you
adapt (flex)
to the other person and change behavior to
accommodate for differences
The Top 5 Ways that Culture Can Affect Business DecisionMaking
● Negotiations
● From some cultures, the goal of a business negotiation, first and
foremost, is a signed contract between the parties
...
Although the
written contact expresses the relationship, the essence of the deal is the
relationship itself
...
● proposals may be gained by interpreting seemingly vague
comments, gestures, and other signs
● Sensitivity to time: High or low?
● “…time is money for us
...
”
● Managing Other Stakeholders
● Employees, Suppliers, Customers etc
...
Where are you?
2
...
Corporate/Organizational Culture
● A manifestation of the values, business principles, and ethical standards
preached and practiced by management
● Provides approaches to people management
and problem solving
● Governs relationships with shareholders, community, customers,
suppliers, government agencies, etc
...
The Purpose of Organizational Culture
● Serves two critical functions in organizations:
● Internal Integration
– To integrate members so they know how to
relate to one another
● sets collective identity
● Shape accepted behaviors
● Reinforces Commitment to Organizational Mission
● Clarify & Reinforce Standards of Behavior\
● Promote Social System Stability
● External Adaption
– how the organization meets goals and deals
with outsiders
...
Discussion revolves around how company copes with geographic and cultural issues:
● Gender
● Diversity
● Globalization of values or not
6
...
Culture as a Liability
● Barrier to Change
● Barrier to Diversity
● Barrier to Acquisitions & Mergers – (Cultural clash is prevalent –
psychological contract at odds
...
Types of Organizational Culture
● Clan Culture
● Cohesive, participative
● Leader as Mentor
● Bonded by loyalty, tradition, consensus
● Strong Emphasis on morale
● Success = High sensitivity to customers and concern for employees
● MARY KAY
● Hierarchical Culture:
● Ordered, Uniform
● Leader as administrator
● Bonded by formal Rules, Policies
● Emphasis on predictability and consistency of processes
● Success= smooth dependable delivery of service
● CIVIL SERVICE
● Developmental /Adaptive Culture
:
● Creative, adaptive, Dynamic
● Leader as risktaker, innovator
● Bonded by entrepreneurship
● Strong Emphasis on Experimentation & Innovation
● Success = Unique new products high levels of individuality and
freedom
● APPLE
● Rational/Market Culture
● Competitive, Acquisitive
●
●
●
●
●
Leader as goal oriented
Bonded by High levels of Competition
Emphasis on Winning
Success = Market Share & Penetration
GOLDMAN SACHS
9
...
Amazon –A Case in Point
● Why would a company promote…
● “I’m Peculiar”as culture
● What does it tell us about that company?
● What might it suggest as how one should
11
...
Teams
:
1
...
Teamwork, trust and high levels of collaboration are needed for:
• Implement and take advantage of more effective, crossfunctional shared services
(form vendors or suppliers)
• Implementation of new technology solutions—system wide
• More external customerfocused activities
3
...
Team
• A group
implies
synergy among the individuals
• A “team" not only has synergy, it is a group of people who collaborate or work
together toward a common goal AND the whole is greater than the sum of the
parts
...
• Storming:
working through disagreements
...
• Performing:
working smoothly together; experiencing synergy
...
•
4
...
6
...
8
...
Types of Teams
• The Decision Is Made By Authority Without Group Discussion
• The Decision Is Made By An Expert Within The Group
• The Decision Is Made Averaging The Individuals’ Opinions
• The Decision Made By Authority After Group Discussion
• The Decision is Made by a Minority
• The Decision is Made by a Majority vote
• The Decision is Made by Consensus
10
...
Responsibilities of a leader:
• Create clear lines of responsibility—Everyone owns some aspect of the process
• Create a team atmosphere based on trust, encouragement, and cooperation –does
each team member feel recognized, valued, and known by other team members
...
APEX: Attitude, professionalism, empathy, excellence
13
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The Value Of Diversifying Team Work
• Decentralized responsibilitiesif one person gets sick; doesn’t take the whole
enterprise down
• Potential for worldwide growth and reputation
• Efficient collaboration more resources to table to solve problems; get things
done
• Increased job satisfaction
• Often has greater/more sustainable influence (results)
15
...
Internationalizing HRM (Human resource management) Function
• Sound understanding and consistency about corporate strategy
• Awareness of the cultural assumptions embedded in HR Practices as well as those
in locale
•
Assessment/judgement of political and social concerns that might produce
resistance that are really about cultural differences
17
...
Managing a Team in Latin America
• Trust is by and large a personal commodity
...
• The senior executive has the personal obligation to protect subordinates, and
sometimes take care of the personal needs of workers and their families
...
“Matrixed” Jobs: Responsibilities extend 360
°
2
...
● Regiocentric A philosophy of management whereby the firm tries to blend its
own interests with those of the subsidiaries on a regional basis
● GeocentricA philosophy of management whereby the company tries to integrate
a global systemic approach to decision making
...
Today’s organizations are:
● Teambased
● Has no geographical boundaries
● Both virtual and inperson
● Fastpaced, technologically driven
4
...
● Lead as well as follow
...
Leader vs
...
Circle of Influence: Your Sphere of Accomplishment
7
...
● Circle of Influence encompasses: t
hose concerns that we can something
do
about
...
8
...
However, trust is
not an instantaneous permission, it is built over time as we experience regular
delivery of our expected value
...
Factors that influenced McDonalds Changes
● Charges of
cultural imperialisma new form of exploitation that results from the
—
export of popular culture from the United States, Japan, and Europe to other parts
of the world
● Pressure to increase workers’ wages
● Changing one of the world’s biggest supply chains becomes a huge challenge
● Healthy living lifestyle choices
● The consumer has evolved from wanting everything cookiecutter
...
“[People] want glutenfree, vegetables,
holdthemayo,”
● Consumers are very specific
...
”
10
...
Mandatory Product Modification
● Government regulations
● Electrical current standards
● Measurement systems
● Operating systems
12
...
Arguments to Support Product Standardization
● Simplicity and cost
● Consistent company or product image
● Not duplicable (music /works of art)
● Industry specifications
● Cultural universals
14
...
● Modular Adaptation: Offer parts (modules) that can be assembled
worldwide in different configurations, depending on market needs
● Core Product Strategy: Involves using a standardized strategy for the
core product worldwide, but varying certain aspects of the offering
(product ingredients, advertising, for example) from market to market
15
...
McDonald's is careful to balance standardization with respect for local
traditions
16
...
Cultural Relativism
● is the principle that an individual person's beliefs and activities should be understood
by others in terms of that individual's own culture
Corruption –the price of business?
1
...
End Result of corruption:
• Tangible or intangible benefits including money, form of protection, special
treatment, commendation, promotion, or the favors of women or men
3
...
● “CoverUps” of malfeasance
● Fraud*
● Ex
...
Fraudulent Practice
● Any act or omission, including a misrepresentation, that knowingly or recklessly
misleads, or attempts to mislead, a party to obtain a financial or other benefit or to
avoid an obligation
...
Corrupt Practice
● The offering, giving, receiving or soliciting, directly or indirectly, of anything of
value to influence improperly the actions of another party
● Bribery
● Embezzlement
● Extortion
● Influence Peddling
● Unlawful gratuity or commission
● Illegal Political Contribution
● *Nepotism
6
...
7
...
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)
● American Congress passed FCPA: a law barring American companies from paying
bribes to secure foreign business
● It was signed into law in 1977 amid revelations that hundreds of U
...
corporations
had made illegal or dubious payments to foreign politicians, parties and government
officials