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Unit 1 Ecology
 Scientific Method: Make observation, ask question, form a hypothesis,
conduct experiment, gather data, analyze data, draw conclusion, form theory
...

 Food Chain
o 1% rule - sun to autotroph
o 10% rule - transfer at each trophic level
o Autotroph: Producer
o Consumer: Non-producer
 Herbivore: fed on plant
 Omnivore: fed on plant and meat
 Carnivore: fed on meat
 Decomposer: decompose dead body
 Biological Magnification: An increase in concentration of the amount of a
harmful substance in an individual’s tissues as it moves up a food chain
...
Secondary Succession
 Primary Succession: occurs in essentially lifeless areas
 Secondary Succession: occurs after the initial succession has
been disrupted and some plants and animals still exist
...

 Phosphorus cycle:
o Erosion: breaking down rock and soil
o A limiting nutrient of all forms of life
o Does NOT move through atmosphere
o Can be found in both organic and inorganic forms
 Water cycle
o condensation (cloud formation)
o Precipitation (Raining)
o Transpiration
o Evaporation (evaporate)
o Seepage (through plants)
o Runoff (water run underground)





Logistic Growth:
o Population settles around the carrying capacity
o S-curve
Exponential Growth:
o Only happen when there is unlimited food and resources
o Rapid rate of reproduction
o Can’t go on forever
o J-curve

Unit 2 Biochemistry
 Metric System: K H D unit D C M micro
 Properties of living things:
o Made of at least one cell
o Reproduce independently of a host organisms
o Contain genetic material in the form of DNA
o Grow and develop & respond to their environment
o Require energy to complete their life processes
 Metabolism
o Maintain homeostasis
o Groups of organisms evolve over time
 Properties of Water
o Cohesion: Hydrogen bond of H2O molecules to other H2O molecules
o Adhesion: Hydrogen bond of H2O molecules to other polar molecules
o Surface tension: Hydrogen bonds between H2O molecules on the
surface of a body of water are collectively very strong
o Good solvent:H2O can dissolve other polar and ionic compounds
...

o Have a precise 3D shape
o Only catalyze one type of reaction
o Substrate–the specific molecule(s) that an enzyme acts upon
o Active site –the place on the enzyme where the binds
...

o If there is a change in temperature, pH, salt concentration, an enzyme
can denature (lose its 3D shape) and can no longer function
...
5 billion years)

More recent (1
...

o Micelle: Phospholipids form a micelle into a monolayer in water

o





Proteins stuck in the membrane
 Channel proteins: allow passage of large/polar molecules
 Receptor proteins: Bind chemical signal to trigger a response in
the cell
 Recognition proteins: 10 tags for cell
Active transport
o Use ATP to pump molecules AGAINST their concentration gradients
*(must use proteins and channel)
o Endocytosis: Bringing in macromolecules by forming vesicles
o Exocytosis: Secreting macromolecules by releasing vesicles
Passive Transport: does not require energy
o Diffusion: the movement of molecules from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration
o Osmosis: the diffusion of H2O from an area of high water
concentration to an low water concentration
o Facilitated diffusion: diffusion that used up protein channel



Cell

Solution

Cell size change

Hypotonic

Hypertonic

Cell become smaller

Isotonic

Isotonic

Cell size stays the same

Hypertonic

Hypotonic

Cell become bigger



cellular respiration
o ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
o C6H12O6+6O2 → 6H2O+6CO2+36
ATP
Water+CO2+Energy)

(Food + Oxygen →

o

Aerobic respiration



Occurs in the presence
of O2
Common in eukaryotes

o

Anaerobic respiration




Occurs in the absence of O2
Common in prokaryotes
Eukaryotic cells will do this only when oxygen is not
present or runs out

Glycolysis: Anaerobic Respiration (No O2 required)


Location

Reactants

Non-energy product

Energy carrying product

Cytoplasm

Glucose
o

2 pyruvate

2ATP+2 NADH

Krebs Cycle-O2


Location

Reactants

Non-energy product

Energy carrying product

Mitochondria

Acetyl, CoA

2CO2+ATP+3 NADH+1 FADH2 (2x)

ATP
2 NADH
FADH2

o

Electron Transport Chain-System of proteins in the inner membrane of
the mitochondria


Location

Reactants

Non-energy product

Energy carrying product

Mitochondria

NADH, FADH2

Water

ATP

o

Anaerobic Respiration - Fermentation
 Animals and Bacteria - Lactic Acid Fermentation
 Plants and Fungi - Alcoholic Fermentation

Unit 4 DNA & Genetics
 Cell cycle
o Interphase



o
o


G1: Cell increases in size & makes proteins [single stranded]
 (G0: Sometimes, the cell leaves the cycle and rests) [single
stranded]
 Synthesis: DNA replication [single becomes double]
 G2: Organelles reproduced to prepare for division [double
stranded]
Mitosis [single stranded]
Checkpoints: Verify whether the processes at each phase of the cell
cycle have been completed accurately
...

o Semiconservative Replication: Each new DNA helix contains one of
the original parent strand and one new daughter strand
o Major DNA Replication
 Helicase: “unzip” the double helix
 DNA polymerase: adds on complementary nucleotides
opposite to each parent strand
 Ligase: seals the nicks in the backbone of the lagging strand,
between Okazaki fragments
...
RNA
o DNA
 Double stranded
 Remains in nucleus
 Has deoxyribose sugar
 Nitrogen bases: A, T, C, G
o RNA
 Single Stranded
 Leaves nucleus
 Has ribose sugar
 Nitrogen bases: A, U, C, G
 3 types: Messenger RNA, Transfer RNA, Ribosomal RNA


mRNA has

tRNA has

Codons

anti-codons

Simple strand

Amino acid carried

made during transcription

used during translation



Mutations

o



Point mutation: Substitution
o Frameshift mutation: Insertion/deletion
Genetics
o Punnett Square
o Mendel’s law-Inheritance Patterns
o Test crosses
o Complex Inheritance



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