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Title: Europe 1914: Honors US History
Description: There are complete notes for the US History of Europe in 1914. It includes what started WWI, the League of Nations, the 14 points, how America entered the war, and everything inbetween. Tells how WWI ended, how the Treaty of Versailles came to be and what it effect was, how the Germans reacted to the Treaty, and how the Treaty affected the US.
Description: There are complete notes for the US History of Europe in 1914. It includes what started WWI, the League of Nations, the 14 points, how America entered the war, and everything inbetween. Tells how WWI ended, how the Treaty of Versailles came to be and what it effect was, how the Germans reacted to the Treaty, and how the Treaty affected the US.
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Introduction: Wilson’s Vision
Total deaths from wars from battlefields that stretched over all of Europe, parts of Africa, Asia,
the Middle East, and the world's ocean from 19141918: 9 million
World War I was the first that used the whole industrial capacity of modern states
...
He hoped for the
end of to war/increase in international cooperation
Developed a peace plan to stop wars all together, regulate trade, resolve dispute among
nations, and prevent governments from pressing their people
What will this reading entail?
World War I
France in 1919 which determines the future for Europe
the decision for what role america should play in the world (1919)
Part One: The Scourge of War
August 1914, European power declare war against each other due to competition of
resources,an arms race, and ethnic/political alliances
Why did European countries start an arms race?
Industrial Revolution brought the trend of speedy production and large scale production (19th
century) which spurred economic competition with Britain, France, Germany, and Russia
sought for manufacturing with raw materials and new markets to sell goods which led to
clashes between Britain and France over Sweden (1898)
...
All three powers began to design the most lethal weapons the world has ever seen (long range
artillery, machine gun, airplane were introduced in 1914)
Britain and Germany were going back and forth with destructive weapons even though Britain
was the world's greatest naval power
...
They were called the
central powers because they were located in the center of all the powers
How did the war progress in the first months?
young people signed up for the war thinking it was gonna be short and told their loved ones by
Christmas
both sides set off in August 1914
german forces stalled and made defensive trenches going from the North Sea all the way to
Switzerland to protect their gains in the West
...
There were endless
attacks and the advancements of weapons made it a very gruesome battle
1 million deaths from both sides by the end of 1914
The war was not what people thought it would be
...
3 billion and banks
gave private loans of $27 million to central powers and $2
...
Wilson responded with a protest letter to both sides and reminded
both of America’s rights as a neutral nation
Both sides wished to halt US trade with the other
Britain began to steal american flags and hang them on their ship so they would not get
attacked when the opposing ship came along and then they would attack the Germans which
led to Germans sinking ships regardless of what flag was flying on that ship
Wilson condemned both sides and still remained determined to stay as a neutral country which
caused great debate with the Wilson administration
It was threatened when the british disguised themselves as american vessels so they would not
get attacked by their opponents and they went and attacked their enemies
...
The
liner was going to Britain from New York and 128 of the passengers onboard were American’s
(there were 1,196 passengers onboard)
...
He also made programs
that would teach immigrants become american citizens and learn the language
What measures were taken to advance the war effort at home?
Wilson spoke of the necessity of the US entry in the war in order to defeat German enemies of
freedom and at the same time he restricted certain freedoms of his citizens at home
...
These acts prohibited expression of antiwar sentiments
or progerman views
...
To force people salute the american flag and have the media get involved and throw people in
prison who did not agree
How did antiGerman propaganda turn into war hysteria?
People who were against the Germans just treated them differently
...
They chased him down, bound him with an american flag, and hung him from
a tree while 500 people saw this and cheered
AntiGermans took it too far and it got violent and ended with murder
What was the objectives of the Committee on Public Information?
created by Wilson to promote the war domestically
the organization would give the public true information about what was going on with the war
and wanted to gain support
...
This was so effective that no one could flip through a magazine without running into an article
promoting
The objective was to get more people to support our troops and the war itself
How did the Division of Civic and Educational Cooperation advance the war effect?
it was just a section
it was meant to target students but students were not the main audience
it contained a student friendly way of how the government viewed how the war was dealt with
and also with patriotism, heroism, and sacrifice
...
P
...
taught students a twisted version of the overall war story and put it where Americans
were at the right side of the gun
How did Americans at home view the war?
citizens at home were always behind supporting every move
provided military and economical aid when it was needed
new ships were being designed and built
even though citizens supported the war, they still wanted their boys to come home
Part Two: Securing the Peace
Germany was unsure with having to fight in two fronts (east and west) as American troops
headed to Europe
Germany reached a peace agreement with the new Bolshevik government in Russia in March
1918
...
The treaty w/ Russia allowed Germany to concentrate all of its troops in the west against the
French, the British, and newly arriving americans
How did the war end?
Germans realized how slim their chances were of them winning this war so came up with a plan
that would have them move from the Eastern Front to the Western Front but by July, 300,000
american troops had moved up to 1 million
Germany suffered more than 600,000 casualties and they realized that they would not succeed
War devastated Germany with hunger, economic shortages, and frustrations with policies
Germany surrendered and at 11 am on November 11 1918, celebrations broke out across
Allied cities after it was announced
The war ended with Germany realizing that there was no way they could win and they
surrendered
Wilson Heads to Europe
Before Germany surrendered, back at home there was midterm elections for a democratic
congress to make his hand stringer in the post war negotiations and he knew that any treaty he
signed would need ⅔’s of the senate's approval for ratification but all was not in his favor when
Wilson’s old political rival, Republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts, became
chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee which was a position from which he could
wield great influence over any treaty vote
Why did domestic politics make Wilson’s participation in the Paris Peace Conference
difficult?
it was difficult for Wilson to make decisions because his rival was the one who was the final say
in passing papers and such
He knew he needed Lodge’s help to pass a treaty but he could not bring himself to discuss
anything with a man who was against him on political beliefs and he had a personal hatred for
him
he wanted to bring someone else with him to Paris but he was criticized that he was trying to
censor and reshape the information that was coming from Paris
his trip to Paris was questioned by the government because he would be gone for a few
months and it was only right for the vice president to take the president's role of he had passed
away
left for the peace conference in December 1918 and when he gets home he gets to see exaclty
how hard it would be to get a treaty passed
Wilson in Paris
he was famous in Paris and the people had read his 14 points and they had a spark of hope
and new ideas
tens of thousands of people and even people from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East had come
to see the Peace Conference in hope that they too could represent their homeland and hoping
to secure independence
Leaders didn’t want the meeting in Paris due to all the visible scars that was everywhere but
they met there anyway from January to June 1919
Who participated in the Peace Conference?
French foreign minister sent out invitations to every country that would be under the category
on the Allied side to be in the conference
representatives from 30+ nations attended
Main decisions were made by the big four:
1
...
Premier Georges Clemenceau of France
3
...
Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy
Germany or Russia was not invited (womp womp)
How was the treaty written?
Wilson went to Paris hoping that he could make the 14 points come true
Germany surrendered because they believed that the 14 points would be the base to form any
peace settlement
The treaty says that whether you win or lose, you still keep all you have instead of
losing/gaining land and money
Clemenceau joked and called them the 14 commandments and said God only had 10
and led Wilson to realize that he had to compromise in order for the conference to produce a
peace agreement
the representatives had little roles in the proceedings
the preliminary meeting on January 12 said that smaller countries could not participate in
making major decisions and it would only be the Big 4 in charge overall
Things that were investigated by the commission
1
...
reparations
3
...
financial/economical questions
5
...
territorial questions
(January) One of the commission's that was made up of small and big nations addressed the
formation of A League of Nations and at the same time other commissions worked on other
parts that came to be known as the Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles
● included provisions to end the war officially
● also a covenant for the future League of Nations
How did Senators react to the covenant?
Wilson knew it would face resistance
Left Paris Feb
...
25, 1919 and gave a speech promoting
the League of Nations then gave copies of the draft to the crowd
Senate was annoyed because the thought they would be the first so see the draft
Wilson invited members of senate and the house on foreign affairs to dine with him and look
over the draft
...
39
senators signed (this was all the day Wilson arrived back home) and this was more that 2/3rds
to ratify the treaty
What did Wilson find when he returned to Paris?
Europe also opposed
Canadian Prime Minister Borden had concerns on Article X and said that it would violate a
state’s sovereignty and national aspirations and it could draw a country into distant conflicts
That led to WIlson making changes to Article X and was an amendment that assured the
Treaty of Versailles
Why did the rest of the Big Four resist Wilson’s calls for self rule?
President Wilson watched his idea of peace dissolve in front of him when members of the Big
Four insisted on terms that would guarantee their countries security and economic concerns first
the treaty had it to where germany was the blame for the war and they had to pay extensive
reparations for Allied losses and also costed them to lose 10% of their territory, they had their
colonial territories confiscated, and their military was reduced greatly to only 100,000 men who
could only protect German lands
Germany was summoned to read the surrender terms and felt betrayed when they only saw a
few of Wilson’s 14 points on there but signed when the Allies threatened to resume the war if
they didn’t comply (late May)
When was the Versailles Treaty finally signed?
June 8, 1919 the Treaty was signed
32 nations (Including France, Great Britain, Italy, Germany, and the US) signed the Treaty
took place in the Hall of Mirrors
5 years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
100 nations looked on
The Great War was over (praise Jesus)
The 4 treaties that emerged from the Paris Conference:
1
...
Germain (Austria)
2
...
Trianon (Hungary)
3
...
Sevres (Turkey)
the four other countries lost land, were forced to disarm, and had to pay reparations
What were Wilson’s views on the League of Nations?
it was more harsh than Wilson had hoped for
the most important outcome was the establishment of the Treaty of Versailles
he achieved his goal by compromising some of the points but after that the participants of the
conference agreed on the Covenant of the League of Nations which reflected his ideas about
security, the arbitration in international disputes, the reduction of armaments, and open
diplomacy
also established a council which was hoped to be a permanent member
They pledged to seek peaceful resolutions to disputes and to assist each other in the case of
aggression which was known as collective security
Was believed that the League would decrease the chance of another war greatly and it was
obvious that Wilson has high hopes for the League and that it would serve a safety valve that
would examine and adjust any disputed terms of the treaty settlements
adjustments were made if someone didn’t agree with a part of the Treaty as time went along
What did the other members of the Big Four think about the League?
Lloyd George made the slogan “Make Germany Pay” knew Britain was all for the league
because he knew returning to Britain without a League of Nations would not be a great idea
the french were a bit hesitant about the idea that an international cooperation could prevent the
outbreak of war but they were willing to try it (YOLO)
Orlando was supportive with Wilson and his ideas as long as Italy got what was coming to
them
Title: Europe 1914: Honors US History
Description: There are complete notes for the US History of Europe in 1914. It includes what started WWI, the League of Nations, the 14 points, how America entered the war, and everything inbetween. Tells how WWI ended, how the Treaty of Versailles came to be and what it effect was, how the Germans reacted to the Treaty, and how the Treaty affected the US.
Description: There are complete notes for the US History of Europe in 1914. It includes what started WWI, the League of Nations, the 14 points, how America entered the war, and everything inbetween. Tells how WWI ended, how the Treaty of Versailles came to be and what it effect was, how the Germans reacted to the Treaty, and how the Treaty affected the US.