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Bio 181: Life of the Cell
I
...
Cells come from cells
1
...
In bacteria
2
...
In eukaryotes
3
...
In eukaryotes
B
...
Unicellular organisms
2
...
Cell is the basic unit of life
1
...
Cell coat – protein
b
...

DNA or
ii
...
Cell membrane/plasma membrane/plasma lemma
a
...
ALL membrane made of lipids and proteins

II
...
Prokaryote – “pro” = early; “karyos” = nucleus
1
...
Bacteria
3
...
Subcellular compartments where specialized functions occur
b
...
First type of cells
a
...
5 bya
B
...
Have nucleus
2
...
Appear on earth 1
...
Autotroph – “auto” = self; “troph” = feeding
1
...
Photosynthesis
i
...

Carbs -> -> -> ATP

Definition – process that uses light energy to combine carbon with
H2O to make carbohydrate
b
...
Eat others
Primitive
1
...
Late
Taxonomy
1
...
Named and classified
iii
...

E
...

G
...


History of Taxonomy
A
...
2 Kingdoms
a
...
Plants
B
...
3 Kingdoms
a
...
Plants
c
...

Protozoa – animal-like
ii
...
1900’s electron microscope
1
...
Animals
b
...
Protista
d
...
Monera
D
...
Proposed 3 domains
a
...
Eubacteria
i
...
Eukarya
i
...

Animals
iii
...

Protista

IV
...
Domain = Includes 1 or more Kingdoms
Kingdom = 1 or more related Phyla/Division
Phylum/Division = Related Classes
Class = Related Orders
Order = Related Families
Family = Related Genera
Genus = Related Species
Species
Dumb Kinky People/Dudes Can Often Find Good Sex
B
...
Group of related organisms that can interbreed freely to produce fertile
offspring
C
...
Binomial – 2 parts
a
...

Always uppercase 1st letter
ii
...
May be abbreviated
b
...

Always lowercase unless proper name

V
...
Monera
1
...
Autotrophic
b
...
Protista
1
...
Cell wall of carbohydrate
3
...
Unicellular to multicellular
i
...
“Garbage Kindom”
C
...
Eukaryotes
2
...
Cell walls of chitin
4
...
Plantae
1
...
Autotrophic

3
...
Cell walls of cellulose
E
...
Eukaryotes
2
...
No cell walls
VI
...
Cell Wall
1
...
Mechanical protection of cell
3
...
Cell Membrane
1
...
Proteins
i
...

Enzymes = protein that controls chemical reactions
2
...
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
b
...
DNA
1
...
Functions
a
...
Cell control
3
...
Plasmid
1
...
Integrate into or cut out of larger DNA
3
...
Ribosomes
1
...
Two subunits, large and small
3
...
Smaller than eukaryote ribosome
a
...
80 s
i
...
Cytoplasm
1
...
Enzymes
3
...
Functions
a
...
Mixing
i
...

Cytoplasmic streaming
iii
...
Inflates cell with H2O
i
...

Turgor pressure
iii
...
Flagella
1
...
Uses ATP
b
...
Moves cell
2
...
Run and tumble – random motion
VII
...
Has all structures of a heterotroph plus
B
...
Concentric, peripheral tubes
2
...
Lumen = center of tube
3
...


Eukaryote cells in general
A
...
Organelles allow for larger cell size
a
...
Nucleus
1
...
Cytoskeleton
1
...
Stirs cytoplasm
b
...
Ribosomes are 80s
IX
...
Plasma Membrane
1
...
Different membrane proteins in eukaryotes
2
...
Controls what enters and leaves cell
b
...
Recognition molecules
1
...
Cytoplasm
1
...
Ribosomes
a
...
Salts, sugars, nucleotides
4
...
Nucleus

D
...


F
...


1
...
Double membrane
b
...

Gated to control what enters and leaves
2
...
Watery background material of nucleus
b
...
Chromatin/chromosome
a
...

Decondensed chromosomes = chromatin – dirty smudge
ii
...
Functions
i
...

Cell control
4
...
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
b
...
Synthesized in subunits
i
...

Ribosomes assembled in cytoplasm
Rough ER
1
...
Lumen contains enzymes that modify proteins
i
...

Add things
2
...
Intracellular transport
b
...

Organelle
ii
...
Cell membrane
iv
...
Few or lots of Golgi bodies
2
...
Function
a
...
Tube with lumen filled with lipases
Lysosome
1
...
Recycling plant
3
...
Mitochondrion
1
...
Respiration
i
...

Oxygen requiring
b
...

Chemical energy stored in bonds of molecule
ii
...
Structure
a
...

Due to endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria
3
...
Lynd Margulis
b
...
Cilia & Flagella
1
...
Cilia = short and many
b
...
MTOC – Microtubule organizing centers
1
...
Organizes microtubules in cilia and flagella
b
...
Centriole
a
...
Structure

a
...
Centrioles divide (1→2) just prior to mitosis or meiosis
a
...
Cytoskeleton
1
...
Maintain cell shape
b
...
Fiber types
a
...

Largest
ii
...
Always involved in movement
b
...

Medium sized
ii
...
Microfilaments
i
...

Actin
X
...
All the same structures of animal cells plus:
1
...
Photosynthesis
b
...
Cell wall
a
...

Freely permeable H2O
ii
...
Vacuole
a
...

Tonoplast = membrane
ii
...

b
...

Storage
ii
...
cell wall
iii
...

Glyoxisomes and peroxisomes
- Plant form of lysosomes
- Recycling plant
v
...

Golgi body = dictyosome
vii

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