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Title: Ancient Africa and Its Societies
Description: Notes on the study of Ancient Africa and its growing societies during the Neolithic Era.
Description: Notes on the study of Ancient Africa and its growing societies during the Neolithic Era.
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Early Agricultural Society In Africa
Pages 5057
Introduction
● Egypt was most prominent of early African societies, but wasn’t the only agricultural
society, nor the only complex, citybased society
● Egypt emerged alongside Nubia and other agricultural societies in SubSaharan Africa
● Agricultural crops and domesticated animals reached Egypt from subSaharan Africa by
way of Nubia as well as from southwest Asia
● Favorable geographic conditions enabled Egyptians to build an especially productive
agricultural economy that supported a powerful state
● Nubia became home to a somewhat less prosperous but nonetheless sophisticated society
● Egypt had regular dealings with both eastern Mediterranean and southwest Asian peoples
● Nubia linked Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean basin with the peoples and societies of
subSaharan Africa
Climatic Change and the Development of Agriculture in Africa
● African society appeared in the context of gradual but momentous changes in climate
● The Sahara desert was mostly a grassy steppe land with numerous lakes, rivers, etc
● African continent between the Sahara in the north and the tropical rainforests to the south
is the environment where grasses and cattle flourished
● Many inhabitants lived by hunting wild cattle and collecting wild grains, while some
subsisted on fish and aquatic resources from the region’s waters
Climatic Change and the Development of Agriculture in Africa Early Sudanic Agriculture
● After 9000 BCE, peoples of eastern Sudan domesticated cattle and became nomadic
herders, while they continued to collect wild grains
● After 7500 BCE, established permanent settlements and began to grow sorghum (grain)
● After 8000 BCE, inhabitants of the western Sudan began to cultivate yams in the region
between the Niger and Congo Rivers
● Sudanic agriculture became increasingly diverse over centuries: sheep and goats arrived
from southwest Asia after 7000 BCE, and Sudanic peoples began to cultivate gourds,
watermelons, and cotton after 6500 BCE
● Agricultural productivity enabled Sudanic peoples to organize smallscale states
● By 5000 BCE, many Sudanic peoples formed small monarchies ruled by kings who were
viewed as divine or semi divine beings
● For several thousand years, when a king died, a group of royal servants would be
executed so they could meet the king’s needs in the afterlife
● Sudanic people developed religious beliefs that reflected agricultural society
● Recognized one single divine force as the source of good and evil associated with rain
Climatic Change and the Development of Agriculture in Africa Climatic Change
● After 5000 BCE, northern half of Africa experienced a longterm climatic change that
profoundly influenced social organization and agriculture
● Climate of northern Africa became drier and hotter than usual
● Sahara Desert became arid and uninhabitable; turned rich grasslands (with a steady
supply of water to support human, animal, and vegetable life until 5000 BCE) into an arid
and barren desert
● This forced Sudanic people to move like to Lake Chad, Northern Uganda, Nile River
Valley
Climatic Change and the Development of Agriculture in Africa Nile River Valley
● Fed by rain and snow in the high mountains of East Africa
● The Nile is the longest river 6695 km (4160 mi) from its source at Lake Victoria to the
delta in the Mediterranean Sea
● Each Spring, rain/snow swell the river, which surges north through the Sudan and Egypt
● Until Aswan dam in 1968, the Nile's accumulated waters annually flooded the plains
downstream
● When the waters receded, a layer of rich, fertile muck, and these alluvial deposits
supported a remarkable productive agricultural economy throughout the Nile River valley
Egypt and Nubia: “Gifts of the Nile”
● Agriculture transformed entire Nile Valley and dramatically affected Egypt
● Egypt referred to the ribbon of land bordering the lower third of the Nile between the
Mediterranean and the river’s first cataract by Aswan
● Egypt had a larger floodplain than the land to the south known as Nubia, the middle
stretches of the Nile Valley between the river’s 1st and sixth cataracts
● Egypt took advantage of the Nile’s flooding better than Nubia at the South
● Because Egypt could support a larger population since it had a productive agricultural
region, it was named as “gift of the Nile” by Herodotus
Egypt and Nubia: “Gifts of the Nile” Early Agriculture in the Nile Valley
● Egypt and Nubia came under the influence of the Mediterranean basin to the north and
subSaharan Africa to the south, since the Nile links the two regions
● In 10,000 BCE, migrants from the Red Sea Hills in northern Ethiopia traveled down the
Nile Valley and introduced Egypt and Nubia to the practice of collecting wild grains
● Introduced language ancestral to Coptic, language of ancient Egypt, to lower reaches of
the Nile Valley
● As the climate grew hotter after 5000 BCE, Sudanic cultivators moved down the Nile and
introduced Egypt and Nubia to African crops such as gourds, watermelons and
domesticated animals like cattle and donkeys
● Wheat and barley from Mesopotamia reached Egypt and Nubia by traveling up the Nile
from the Mediterranean (same time)
● Egyptians and Nubians relied heavily on agriculture by 5000 BCE
...
He was a minor official from Upper Egypt (geographically, southern Egypt)
● Menes founded the city of Memphis, near modern Cairo, (became the capital for cultural
and political power) which stood lower at the junction of Upper and Lower Egypt
● Memphis Menes’ capital and soon became the cultural/political centers of Ancient Egypt
● Menes built a centralized state ruled by the pharaoh, the Egyptian king
● Pharaohs claimed to be the human form of gods living on earth
● Continued tradition of divine kingship inherited from the Sudan
● As late as 2600 BCE, deceased pharaohs took royal servants with them to the grave
● Egyptians associated the early pharaohs with Horus, the sky God, and they often
represented the pharaohs together with a falcon or hawk, the symbol of Horus
● Later viewed rulers as offspring of Amon, a sun god, so that the pharaoh was a son of the
sun
● Considered the ruling pharaoh a human sun overseeing affairs on the earth, just as Amon
was the sun supervising the larger cosmos
● Believed that after the pharaoh died, he merged with Amon
The Unification of Egypt The Archaic Period and the Old Kingdom
● The power of the pharaohs was greatest during the Archaic period (31002660 BCE) and
the Old Kingdom (26602160 BCE)
● Most enduring symbols of their authority and divine status are the massive pyramids
constructed during the Old Kingdom as royal tombs (most during 26002500 BCE)
● These monuments still stand today at Giza, near Cairo
● Largest pyramid is Khufu (Cheops) which involved the precise cutting and fitting of 2
...
5 tons
● Time for the construction of Khufu's pyramid took 84,000 laborers working 80 days per
year, for 20 years
● Hundreds of architects, engineers, craftsmen, and artists also contributed
The Unification of Egypt Relations between Egypt and Nubia
● Fortunes of Egypt and Nubia remained intertwined
● Egyptians had strong interests in Nubia politically and commercially: they were wary of
Nubian kingdoms that might threaten Upper Egypt and they desired products such as
gold, ivory, ebony, and precious stones that were only available on southern lands
● Nubians had equally strong interests in Egypt: they wanted to protect their independence
from their large and powerful neighbor to the north, and they sought to profit by
controlling trade down the Nile
The Unification of Egypt The Early Kingdom Kush
● Tensions led to frequent violence between Egypt and Nubia throughout the Archaic
period and the Old Kingdom
● Early pharaohs organized 5 military campaigns to Nubia between 3100 and 2600 BCE
● Forces destroyed Nubian kingdom of TaSeti soon after the unification of Egypt, leading
to Egyptian domination of lower Nubia from 3000 to 2400 BCE
● Egyptian presence in the north forced Nubian leaders to concentrate political organization
farther to the south
● By about 2500 BCE, Nubia established a powerful kingdom called Kush with a capital at
Kerma about 700 KM south of Aswan
● Kingdom of Kush was a formidable and wealthy state that dominated the upper reaches
of the Nile and occasionally threatened southern Egypt
● Diplomats and explorers from Egypt traveled to Nubia for political alliances and
commercial relationships, and Nubians sought improved fortunes in Egypt
● For example: Around 2300 BCE, explorer Harkhuf made 4 expeditions to Nubia and
came back with 300 donkeys bearing exotic products from tropical Africa, and a dancing
dwarf
● His cargo stimulated Egyptian desire for trade with southern lands
● By the end of the Old Kingdom, Nubian mercenaries were prominent in Egyptian armies
● They often married Egyptian women and assimilated into Egyptian society
Turmoil and Empire The Hyksos
● After Old Kingdom declined, Egyptians experienced considerable and sometimes
unsettling changes
● One particular challenging era of change followed from the encounters with a semitic
people called the Hyksos (“foreign rulers”)
● They were horseriding nomads
● They introduced horses to Egypt
...
They erected numerous temples, palaces, and
monumental statues
Turmoil and Empire Egyptian Imperialism
● Pharaohs tried to extend Egyptian authority beyond Nile valley and delta
● Tried to prevent new invasions by seizing control of regions that pose threats
● Tuthmosis III (14791425 BCE) most vigorous of the New Kingdom pharaohs, who,
after 17 campaigns he personally led to Palestine and Syria, dominated the coastal
regions of the eastern Mediterranean as well as North Africa
● Rulers also turned their attention to the south and restored Egyptian dominance in Nubia
● Campaigning as far south as the Nile’s 5th cataract, Egyptian armies destroyed Kerma,
the capital of the Kingdom of Kush, and crushed a series of small Nubian states that had
arisen during the period of Hyksos rule
● For half a millennium, Egypt was an imperial power throughout much of the eastern
Mediterranean basin and southwest Asia as well as most of the Nile River valley
● After the New Kingdom, Egypt entered a long period of decline militarily and politically
● Egyptian rule provoked reactions in the regions subdued by pharaonic armies
● Local resistance drove Egyptian forces out of Nubia and southwest Asia, then Kushite
and Assyrian armies invaded Egypt itself
Turmoil and Empire The Revived Kingdom of Kush
● 1100 BCE Egyptian forces were in full retreat from Nubia
● Around the 10th century BCE (after Egyptians vacated the region), Nubian leaders
organized a new Kingdom of Kush with a capital at Napata, below the nile’s 4th cataract
● By the 8th century BCE, rulers of the revived Kush were ready to invade Egypt, which at
the time was in the grip of religious and factional disputes
● King Kashta conquered Thebes around 760 BCE and founded a Kushite dynasty that
ruled Egypt for almost a century
● Kashta’s successors consolidated Kushite authority in Upper Egypt, claimed the title of
Pharaoh, and eventually extended their rule to the Nile delta and beyond
● As Kushites pushed into Egypt from the south, Assyrian armies equipped with iron
weapons bore into Egypt from the north
● During the midseventh century BCE, while expanding their empire, Assyrians
campaigned as far south as Thebes, drove out the Kushites, and subjected Egypt to
Assyrian rule
● After the midsixth century BCE, Egypt fell to a series of foreign conquerors who built
vast empires throughout southwest Asia and the eastern Mediterranean region, including
Egypt and north Africa
Title: Ancient Africa and Its Societies
Description: Notes on the study of Ancient Africa and its growing societies during the Neolithic Era.
Description: Notes on the study of Ancient Africa and its growing societies during the Neolithic Era.