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 There is no single definition for species that is accepted by all biologists
 There are three common Species Concepts used
o Morphological Species – uses body shape, size and structural features, behavior
o Biological Species – whether they can produce fertile offspring (Most common)
o Phylogenetic species – based on evolutionary history of the organism
Species is a group of organisms in which all organisms are capable of breeding freely with
each other under natural conditions
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Morphology is the physical appearance and characteristics of an organism; also the
science of the study of these physical characteristics
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Genetic diversity is the genetic variability among organisms; usually referring to
individuals of the same species
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Ecosystems are made up of many different species and their physical environment
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An autotroph is an organism that uses sources of energy to produce nutrients from water,
gases, and/or minerals
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Structural diversity is the range of physical shapes and sizes within a habitat or
ecosystem
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 Eliminates sources of natural
medicines and potential new
medicines
 Has a significant economic
impact on tourism and
forestry when accompanied
by habitat destruction
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Knowing the number of species
is important because it is
impossible to answer questions
such as how much diversity can
be lost while still maintain the
ecosystem we depend on,
without knowing the number of
species
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2 The Nature of Classification
Biological classification is the systematic grouping of organisms into biological categories
based on physical and evolutionary relationships
Taxonomy is the science of classifying all organisms; taxonomists classify both living and
fossil species
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Each kingdom is subdivided into progressively smaller groups called taxa (taxon) (Table
2 on page 17)
Cal Linnaeus was a Swedish naturalist, who is considered the “father” of taxonomy
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Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order

Family
Genus

Human Examples:
Kingdom  Animalia
Phylum  Chordata
Class  Mammalia
Order  Primates
Family  Hominidae
Genus  Homo
Species  Homo sapiens

Species

Domain is the highest taxonomic level
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A taxon is a category used to classify organisms
Binomial nomenclature is the formal system of naming species whereby each species is
assigned a genus name followed by a specific name
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Identification is the first step in understanding an organism`s role, its ecology, and in
protecting an organism
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Phylogeny is the study of evolutionary relatedness between and among species
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o Are usually more complex than traditional taxonomy
o Can uncover the evolutionary relatedness of organisms
A clade is a taxonomic group that includes a single common ancestor and all its
descendants
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4 Kingdoms and Domains
A prokaryote is a single celled organism that does not contain membrane-bound
organelles
A eukaryote is any organism whose cells contain organelles; some eukaryotic organisms
are single-celled, while others are multicellular
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The Archaea, Protista, and eubacteria include mostly or entirely microscopic single-celled,
or unicellular, organisms
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o Cell walls are different
o Not pathogenic
o Extremophile

o
o
o
o
o

Sexual and asexual
Can be pathogenic
Decomposers
Terrestrial (most
Sessile (stationary)

o Cell walls are made of cellulose
(sugar)
o Can cause allergic reaction
o Sessile (stationary)

o Motile (at some point)
o Sexual
o Autotrophic or
heterotrophic
o can be pathogenic
o Asexul or sexual



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