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~1~
Free Grammar
E-Book
Level 1
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~2~
Table of Contents
Present Simple: To Be…………………………………………………………………… 4
Possessives…………………………………………………………………………………… 6
Articles: A, An, The ……………………………………………………………………… 7
This, That, These, Those……………………………………………………………… 8
Present Simple……………………………………………………………………………… 10
Can / Can't / Have to / Don't Have to…………………………………………
14
Prepositions: In, At, On………………………………………………………………… 15
Past Simple: To Be………………………………………………………………………… 17
Past Simple: Regular Verbs…………………………………………………………… 18
Past Simple: Irregular Verbs………………………………………………………… 20
There is / There are……………………………………………………………………… 22
Present Continuous………………………………………………………………………… 23
Present Simple or Continuous……………………………………………………… 26
Countable and Uncountable…………………………………………………………
27
Future with Going To……………………………………………………………………
29
Comparative Adjectives………………………………………………………………… 31
Superlative Adjectives…………………………………………………………………… 34
Adverbs…………………………………………………………………………………………… 36
Present Perfect: Verb be…………………………………………………………………38
Present Perfect: Other Verbs………………………………………………………… 40
Present Perfect or Past Simple……………………………………………………… 42
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~3~
Welcome!
Espresso English has fun, fast online English
lessons every week! The lessons include reading,
listening, vocabulary, grammar, and practice exercises
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This book teaches beginner-level grammar topics with
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~4~
Present Simple: Be
Positive:
I am
I’m
from Japan
...
he / she / it is
he’s / she’s / it’s
from India
...
you / we / they
are not
You’re not / You aren’t
We’re not / We aren’t
They’re not / They aren’t
happy
...
Question:
Am
I
beautiful?
Are
you / we / they
a teacher?
Is
he / she / it
tall?
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~5~
Present Simple: Be
Name:
I’m Joanna
...
They’re Aki and Yuta
...
S
...
My husband is from Italy
...
She’s not Korean, she’s Vietnamese
...
How old are you?
She’s 15
...
Emotions:
I’m sad
...
You’re angry
...
Jobs:
I’m not a student
...
Are you a doctor?
He’s a journalist
...
Grammar Exercise: Present Simple: Be
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~6~
Possessives
NOUN
POSSESSIVE
EXAMPLE
I
my
My name is Sandra
...
she
her
Her computer is fast
...
we
our
Our apartment is in the city center
...
Mary
Mary’s
Mary’s phone number is 555-4321
...
the boy
the boy’s
The boy’s clothes are dirty
...
cat
cat’s
My cat’s name is Ginger
...
Don’t confuse its (possessive) with it’s (contraction for “it is”)!
The cat ate it’s food
The cat ate its food
...
It’s illegal for a 17-year-old to buy alcohol
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espressoenglish
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a / an
general
(one of
many)
I’m going to eat the red apple
...
He’s eating an apple
...
I’m reading a book
...
The new Chinese restaurant is very good
...
The girl in the red dress is beautiful
...
K
...
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~8~
Articles: A, An, The
Use “an” if the word starts with the sound of a, e, i, o, u:
an apple
an egg
an ice cream shop
an open door
an umbrella
an hour
Use “a” if the word starts with the sound of any other letter
...
I live in China
...
She likes pizza
...
(specific)
Grammar Exercise: A, An, The
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~9~
This, That, These, Those
This
1 thing – near
That
1 thing – far
These
2+ things – near
Those
2+ things – far
This apple is green
...
That apple is red
...
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~ 10 ~
Present Simple: Positive
Use the present simple for things that happen regularly or things
that are generally true
...
He works at the university
...
My sister works at the hospital
...
Dana studies English at school
...
They go to English class on Wednesday
...
She gos to cooking class on Saturday
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espressoenglish
...
I / you / we / they
he / she / it
don’t
like
doesn't
like
Examples:
I don't like coffee
...
John and David don't like milk
...
Common Errors
1) In the present simple negative, do not add -s:
Martha doesn't likes to dance
...
2) Other common errors:
Pete no like bananas
...
Pete doesn’t like bananas
...
espressoenglish
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Do
I / you / we / they
live in a city?
Does
he / she / it
live in a city?
Examples:
Do you live in Brazil?
Does Adam live in England?
Do they live in a big house?
Does she live near the beach?
Common Errors
1) In questions, don't use -s:
Does she lives close to the beach?
Does she live close to the beach?
2) Don’t forget DO or DOES:
Clara live in a big city?
Does Clara live in a big city?
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Present Simple: Answering
Yes/No Questions
Do you have a dog?
Yes, I do
...
/ No, he doesn't
...
/ No, she doesn’t
...
/ No, we don’t
...
/ No, they don't
...
espressoenglish
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You can’t smoke here
...
FREE
FOOD!
You have to stop here
...
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for the food
...
espressoenglish
...
espressoenglish
...
you / we / they
were
born in 1982
...
you / we / they
were not (weren’t)
born in Europe
...
espressoenglish
...
espressoenglish
...
Mary didn’t like the movie
...
We enjoyed the party on Saturday
...
He didn’t listen to the teacher’s instructions
...
Jill didn’t stay in a hotel last summer
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espressoenglish
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espressoenglish
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What did your sister buy at the mall?
She bought new shoes
...
When did you get married?
We got married in July
...
Did you have any pets when you were a child?
Yes, I had a dog
...
When did you meet your best friend?
I met my best friend 20 years ago
...
Did you see Brad at the football game?
No, but we saw Peter and Henry
...
Did he write a new book last year?
No, he only wrote a few magazine articles
...
espressoenglish
...
There are two pillows on the bed
...
There aren’t any windows in the
bedroom
...
/ No, there isn’t
...
/ No, there aren’t
...
Is there a table? Yes, there is
...
Are there any chairs?
No, there aren’t
...
espressoenglish
...
I
am
watching
you / we / they
are
watching
he / she / it
is
watching
Examples:
I am watching TV right now
...
It is raining today
...
They are playing baseball
...
He's studying at the moment
...
We're thinking about you
...
Some verbs are never used in the present continuous:
like, want, need, believe
...
I believe in God
...
She wants a soda
...
espressoenglish
...
She is not wearing a hat today
...
Pete and Jan are not watching TV
...
She isn’t wearing a hat today
...
You aren’t listening to the teacher
...
espressoenglish
...
Where is Sarah going?
She’s going to the store
...
Why is he running?
Because he’s late for work
...
espressoenglish
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Present continuous for things happening now, at the moment, or
current/temporary projects
...
I’m currently working on a new
project
...
Mark is studying the present
continuous this week
...
Right now, we’re going to the
supermarket
...
It’s 9:00 AM
...
Does it usually rain in the winter?
No, but it’s raining at the
moment
...
Words that are often used with the present simple or continuous:
With present simple: always, usually, often, sometimes,
never, every (day/night/Monday/summer/year)
With present continuous: now, right now, at the moment,
currently, this week/month/year, today
Grammar Exercises: Present Simple or Present Continuous?
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~ 27 ~
Countable and Uncountable
Countable nouns are things we can count – for example, cats:
My brother has a cat
...
My friend has three cats
...
People - man, woman, child, friend, sister, uncle, teacher, boss
...
espressoenglish
...
I need some information about the course
...
He gave me two pieces of advice: eat less and exercise more
...
espressoenglish
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She’s going to have a baby
next month
...
Positive:
Full Form
Contracted Form
I am
You are
He / she / it is
We are
They are
I’m
You’re
He’s / She’s / It’s
We’re
They’re
going to take a test
tomorrow
...
”
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~ 30 ~
Future with Going To
Negative:
Full Form
Contracted
Form 1
Contracted
Form 2
I am not
You are not
He / she is not
It is not
We are not
They are not
I’m not
You’re not
He’s / She’s not
It’s not
We’re not
They’re not
--You aren’t
He / she isn’t
It isn’t
We aren’t
They aren’t
going to
take a test
tomorrow
...
I’m going to buy some new shoes next week
...
She’s not going to watch TV
...
They’re going to get married in June
...
espressoenglish
...
Ben is younger than Phil
...
I'm older than my brother
...
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~ 32 ~
Comparative Adjectives
For Words that end in a vowel + consonant
Double the last consonant and add –er
Big
Bigger
Hot
Hotter
Thin
Thinner
An elephant is bigger than a cat
...
My sister is thinner than me
...
Easy
Easier
Happy
Happier
Busy
Busier
Reading English is easier than listening
...
People today are busier than in the past
...
espressoenglish
...
Michael Jackson's music is more popular than country music
...
Adjectives with Irregular Comparatives
Good
Better
Bad
Worse
Far
Farther
Eating fruit is better for your health than eating hamburgers
...
One mile is farther than one kilometer
...
espressoenglish
...
Kelly is the youngest person in the family
...
espressoenglish
...
Russia is the biggest country in the world
...
Barry is the friendliest guy in the class
...
The most expensive shoes in the world cost 1
...
I like all sports, but I like soccer the best
...
Australia is the farthest I've ever traveled
...
I read the newest lesson from Espresso English
...
What's the most expensive car you've ever driven?
The longest book I've ever read was 500 pages
...
Grammar Exercise: Superlative Adjectives
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~ 36 ~
Adverbs
Use adjectives to describe nouns (things or people)
...
(adjective – describes “game”)
The team played terribly
...
espressoenglish
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The teacher spoke so quietly that I couldn’t hear her
...
Evan lives dangerously
...
We wrote the letter carefully so as not to make a mistake
...
Soccer players need to eat healthily to stay in good shape
...
She arrives at work early and leaves late
...
Adverbs usually go after the verb:
Ruth is a quiet person
...
(“quietly” describes “speaks”)
Grammar Exercise: Adjective or Adverb?
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~ 38 ~
Present Perfect: Verb be
Use the present perfect in two situations:
1) To talk about experiences in the past, when we don’t know
or don’t say exactly when the experience happened
...
Have you been to Rio de Janeiro?
No, I haven’t
...
Has Diana been to a rock concert?
Yes, many times!
Has your brother been to a big sports event?
No, he hasn’t
...
2) To talk about an action or state that started in the past
and continues to the present
...
How long has John been a teacher?
He’s been a teacher since last January
...
espressoenglish
...
He / she / it has
He’s / she’s / it’s
been to Paris
...
He / she / it has not
He / she / it hasn’t
been to Paris
...
espressoenglish
...
She hasn’t watched the movie yet
...
Have you tried restarting the computer?
They’ve recently stopped smoking
...
espressoenglish
...
Have you seen them?
No, I haven’t
...
We’ve written more than 100 e-mails in the past week
...
Have you ever broken a bone?
Yes, I have
...
Have you ever thought about moving to another country?
We’ve thought about it, but we haven’t told our kids
...
Camilo has made a lot of mistakes in his life
...
Grammar Exercise: Present Perfect
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~ 42 ~
Present Perfect or Past Simple
Use the present perfect to talk about a general experience in the
past
...
“Have you seen the new Mission Impossible film?”
“Yes, I have
...
”
Use the present perfect for “unspecified” time:
I’ve seen the new Mission Impossible film
...
|------------------------- |-------|------------------------------------|
past
last week
present
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future
~ 43 ~
Present Perfect or Past Simple
Use the present perfect to talk about an action that started in the
past and continues to the present
...
Use the present perfect for “unfinished” time:
“I’ve lived in Brazil for three years
...
” (and I don’t live in Brazil now)
|-------|>>>>>>>>>>|--------|-----------------------------------|
past
period of 3 years
present
future
Grammar Exercise: Present Perfect or Past Simple?
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~ 44 ~
The End!
Thanks for reading
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I’m from the United
States, and I currently live in Brazil, where
I work as an English teacher and
translator
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I am 27 years old and married, and in my free time I like
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I hope you enjoy Espresso English!
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