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Cell theory
• All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
• Cells are the smallest component of life, that can exist on its own
• Produced by division of pre-existing cells
The first cell
• Small chemical steps
• Simple organic molecules formed called RNA
• Self replicating ability, natural selection
• Molecule gets captured in a water bubble (Cell membrane)
o Evolved to become cell membrane
o Provides protection from volatile environment
Attempts to prove and create life
• Miller/Urey experiment, 1953
• In order to create the primordial conditions of earth
• Common gases such as CH4, NH3, H2 and H2O were used
• This experiment proves that under the conditions, the necessary compounds
for life could be made
The animal cell

Red  blood  cells  
Nerve  cells  

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Reproductive  cells  

Cell membrane
o Allows some substances to pass (Semipermeable)
o Has gateways to let things in and out
o Without the membrane, the cell would not have a structure
Nucleus
o Controls what is produced/What type of cell
o Contains the DNA
o Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus so the DNA is floating in the
cell
Mitochondria
o Created energy from food
o By using glucose which comes from the digestion of food in the
stomach
o Perform Aerobic cell respiration if access to oxygen
o Glucose + Oxygen (O2) à ATP (Energy) + CO2 + H2O
Cytoplasm
o Thick liquid
o Mostly consists of water but also salts, sugar, lipids and proteins
o Makes it easier for chemical reactions to take place

The Plant cell
Plants cells have the mentioned organelles of the animal cell as well as their own
specific organelles, which the animal cells do not have
...
Movement in and out of the cell
automatically
...
If it
is impossible for the cell to equal the concentration, it bursts
...


o Osmosis in plant cell
Due to the low concentration on
the inside, the water moves into
the cell
...
The cell
however does not burst because
of the cell wall
...
)
• Building blocks for the cell work
• Immune system
Nutrition
There are 5 types of nutrients
3 Macronutrients - needed in large amounts
2 Micronutrients - needed in small amounts
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Protein (Macronutrient)
o Used to build and repair cells
o Consists of amino acids (A protein consists of long chains of amino
acids linked together
o Can be used as energy in case of shortage of carbohydrates and lipids
o Examples of protein: Meats, Beans, Nuts, Dairy products, Eggs…
Carbohydrates (Macronutrient)
o Used as energy
o Excess carbohydrates can be converted into fat and stored in the body
o Fibers are a type of carbohydrate which the body cannot digest
o Examples of carbohydrates: Bread, Pasta, Potatoes, Fruits, Seeds…
Lipids – Fats and oil (Macronutrients)
o Regulation of blood pressure
o Used for energy and energy storage
o Examples of lipids: Avocado, Eggs, Dairy products, Bacon, nuts…
Vitamins (Micronutrient)
o Essential for many body functions (Both growth and repair of cells)
o Many vitamins exist and we need small amounts of each one
o Examples of vitamins: Vitamin C in Citrus fruits, Vitamin K in Dairy
products

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Mineral (Micronutrients)
o Build bones, teeth, blood cells and more
o There are many different minerals and we need small amounts of each
one
o Examples of minerals: Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus…

Balanced diet
A diet in which you consume the right amounts of nutrients to satisfy YOUR bodies
needs
...
has their own needs
What is digestion and how is it different from Ingestion?
• Digestion is the breakdown of food in the digestive system in order to utilize
the nutrients
• Ingestion is the act of putting food in your mouth

Protein - large molecule

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•
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Enzyme

Protein has been digested into its
monomers (Smallest building blocks)

Protein structure of one organism may not be suitable for human functions
By breaking it down into smaller components our bodies can rebuild it to suit
our needs
There are two types of digestion (Mechanical and chemical digestion)

Mechanical Digestion
• The breakdown of large food components into smaller components
• No chemical change takes place
• Relies on muscular power
• Example of mechanical digestion: Chewing food, Peristalsis…
Chemical Digestion
• The chemical breakdown of large food molecules into smaller monomers
• In the mouth, starch (A type of carbohydrate) starts getting digested
• Starch digestion is performed by the enzyme Amylase, which is most efficient
in the mouth under neutral pH
• Saliva also contains Mucin to make food slippery making it easier to swallow
...

Swallowing food
• Peristalsis makes food go down your esophagus
...

o Esophagus is a tube leading from mouth to stomach
Trachea – Airway (Leads to lungs) Food is
not wanted here
...
Squeezes the food
How come the stomach doesn’t digest itself?
• On the inside of the stomach sack there is a layer of mucus that prevents
contact between sack and enzyme
• Ulcers occurs when the mucus layer becomes weakened and one starts
digesting their own muscle
o May be caused by stress, smoking and viruses
*After 2-3 hours the food leaves the stomach sack going into the small intestine*
Small intestine
• The first section of the small intestine is called Duodenum
...
It is also released into the
Duodenum
• Bile breaks down fat droplets into many smaller droplets
...
Coli bacteria produce vitamins from cellulose
o Also produce methane (Farts)
*Exits from anus*
The circulatory system
• Transports blood around the body
• Ca
...
That allows heat to leave the body
...
Sweat is a way for
the body to release heat
What is in the blood?
The blood consists of 4 main components
• Plasma
o Liquid part of the blood
o 90% of plasma is water
o The rest 10% is dissolved salts, hormones and proteins
• Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
o Transports oxygen (O2)
o Contains a protein called Hemoglobin which has a
primary purpose of oxygen transport

55% blood
plasma

44% Red
blood cells

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•

When in regions with high oxygen concentration,
Oxyhemoglobin (Form of Hemoglobin that carries oxygen) is
formed
§ When blood is in a region of low oxygen concentration,
Oxyhemoglobin breaks apart and the O2 is released
(Deoxyhemoglobin is depleted hemoglobin)
o Life of a red blood cell is ca
...
Forms seal of hole that are
called scab

Double circuitry
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•
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Heart is a muscle
Coronary artery supplies the heart muscle with
oxygen and nutrients
If the heart does not get oxygen, it stops beating
Beats 2 times per lap around the body

The heart
*Diagram from a persons perspective*
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•
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Vena cava puts oxygen poor blood into
right atrium
Blood moves to right ventricle through a
valve
Blood leaves right ventricle via pulmonary
artery
*Blood goes to lungs and gets oxygen*

•
•
•
•
•

Blood returns to the heart via pulmonary
vein
Blood enters left atrium
Blood moves to left ventricle through a
valve
Blood leaves left ventricle via aorta

Left side of the heart has a thicker wall = Stronger muscle
o This is because it needs to push the blood to go through the entire body

Pathway of blood
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All the blood vessels that transport
blood from the heart are called arteries

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All the blood vessels that transport
blood to the heart are called veins

Capillaries connect veins with arteries

Arteries
o Thicker to take pressure of blood
o Elastic in order to be able to expand slightly
o No exchange of gases/nutrients
Capillaries
o Very thin
o Exchange of gases and nutrients occur (Osmosis/Diffusion)
o Blood flow slows down to avoid rupture

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Veins
o Thicker than capillaries but thinner than arteries
o Located in between skeleton muscles
o When muscle is contracted, the veins
are squeezed pushing the blood forward
o In the veins, there are valves that
prevent back flow

Heart rate
• Heart rate refers to how fast a persons heart beats
• Measure in Beats per minute (BPM)
• Average heart rate at rest is 70 BPM – Resting pulse
What affects the heart rate?
• Health, physical activity, sleeping etc
...
220-age
WORD LIST
Digestive
enzyme/Compound
Amylase
Pepsin
Trypsin
Lipase
Bile (Compounds)

Location in the digestive
system
Mouth and Duodenum
(Produced in Pancreas)
Stomach sack
Duodenum
(Produced in Pancreas)
Duodenum
(Produced in Pancreas)
Duodenum
(Produced in Liver)

Name of body part
Esophagus

Location
Alimentary canal

Trachea
Epiglottis

Throat
Throat

Mucus

Stomach sack

Duodenum

Small intestine (First section)

Effect
Digestion of starch
Digestion of protein
Digestion of protein
Digestion of lipids
Digestion of lipids

Purpose
Tube leading from mouth to
stomach
Airway that leads to lungs
Protects airway during
swallowing
Protects stomach sack from
gastric juices
Chemical digestion

Pancreas

Abdominal cavity

Releases Pancreatic juices
into Duodenum

Villi
Microvilli

Small intestine
Small intestine

Superficial blood vessel

Veins close to the surface of
the body
Blood
Blood

Folds increasing surface area
Membrane protrusions on the
villi
Cooling of the body

Plasma
Red blood cells
(Erythrocytes)
Oxyhemoglobin

Red blood cell

Deoxyhemoglobin
White blood cells
(Leukocytes)
Phagocytes (white blood cell)
Lymphocytes (white blood
cell)
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Vena cava
Right and left Atrium
Right and left ventricle
Pulmonary artery

Red blood cell
Blood

Pulmonary vein

Heart

Aorta
Veins
Arteries

Heart
Body
Body

Capillaries
Peristalsis

Body
Esophagus and Small
intestine

Blood
Blood
Blood
Heart
Heart
Heart
Heart

Other (Proteins, bacteria etc
...
Coli (Bacteria)

Large intestine

Peptic Ulcer disease

Stomach sack

Gastric Juice

Stomach sack

Pancreatic Juice

Duodenum (Produced in
Pancreas)

Liquid part of the blood
Transports oxygen
Hemoglobin that carries
oxygen
Hemoglobin without oxygen
Part of the immune system
Swallow pathogens
Identification of diseases and
initiation of defenses
Blood coagulation
Blood into right atrium
Top parts of the heart
Lower parts of the heart
Blood leaves heart, leading to
the lungs
Blood returns to heart form
the lungs
Blood leaves the heart
Transport blood to the heart
Transport blood from the
heart
Connect veins and arteries
Wave like muscle
contractions that push food
down
Purpose
Acts as lubricants making
food slippery
Transports oxygen
Forming net across the hole
(Blood coagulation)
Identify and neutralize
pathogens
Vitamins from cellulose and
methane
Break in the lining of
stomach
Acidic and contains HCl
and Pepsin
Alkaline and contains
buffers, trypsin, amylase
and lipase



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