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​ he Politics of Reconstruction
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It began
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as way to preserve Union but evolved into a struggle for African American freedom,
resulting in the death of slavery in the United States and the unification of the states
under a stronger central government
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​ ​ he Defeated South
T
S
​ outh destroyed after defeat: towns ruined, slavery (means of labor in cotton fields) lost,
destroyed cotton fields, depressed economy
Defeat aroused hatred within Southerners, whom were "robbed of their slave property"
Racism became one of the main forces in the South during Reconstruction
c
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​ ​roclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction of Dec
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​ ​ en Percent Plan: When 10 percent of a state's population took this oath, Lincoln
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would recognize the formation of a new state government in that state
Radical Republicans​
, such as Benjamin Wade and Henry Davis) favored the abolition of
slavery at the beginning of the war, but later advocated harsh treatment of the defeated
South
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​ ​n 1865, Congress established the ​
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Freedmen's Bureau​ provide social, educational,
to
and economic services to emancipated slaves or white Unionists, which lasted seven years
Lincoln's plans seemed to favor quick restoration of the South and limited federal
intervention, but his policies were cut short after his assassination, when he was replaced
with Andrew Johnson
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​ ​ e followed Lincoln's policy for pardoning Southerners (excluding some Confederate
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officials and wealthy landowners)
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​ ​ ecember 1865: Johnson declared "restoration" of the Union complete by allowing ten
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of eleven Confederate states to reenter the Union
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​ ohnson was committed to white supremacy; he opposed political rights for the freedmen
and determined
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​ ​ outherners could not accept full freedom of African Americans
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2
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​ ​ frican Americans acquired "full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the
A
security of person and property as is enjoyed by white citizens"
Congress also expanded the Freedmen's Bureau to build schools and prosecute those
depriving blacks of their civil rights
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​ ohnson vetoed these two measures; Republicans in Congress overrode his veto
November 1866: Republicans gained control of the House, Senate, and northern states
Conflict between president and Congress: Johnson's "restoration" or Congressional
​
Reconstruction​
?
f
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​ ​ he ​
T Tenure of Office Act​
stipulated that any officeholder appointed by the
president with the Senate's advice and consent could not be removed until the Senate had
approved a successor (protecting Republican congressional leaders such as Edwin Stanton
who implemented Congressional Reconstruction)
However, when Congress adjourned in 1867, Johnson suspended Stanton and appointed
Ulysses Grant as secretary of war; he replaced several radicals
1868: Senate overruled Stanton's suspension; Stanton resumed his position
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​ ohnson tried to remove Stanton again, but the Rep
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impeached the
president on the basis of violating the Tenure of Office Act
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​ ​ uring his Senate trial, Johnson agreed to abide by Reconstruction Acts and the
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Senate voted one shy of the two-thirds necessary for removal from office
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​ ​ he Election of 1868
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AL, AR, FL, LA, NC, SC, and TN were readmitted to the Union; GA, MS, TX, VA still
waiting readmission
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​epublican Ulysses Grant vs
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​ ​ his worked only in LA and GA, but lost northern votes for the Democrats
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Grant won the election, receiving a remarkable 500,000 votes from African Americans
Republicans also retained control of Congress
February 1869 (ratified in 1870): Congress passed the ​
Fifteenth Amendment​
that
guaranteed the right of American men to vote, regardless of race
M
​ S, TX, and VA ratified the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments before readmission in
1870; their readmission completed Reconstruction
h
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Anthony were two leaders of the antislavery and
feminist movements
Stanton, Anthony, and Lucy Stone founded the American Equal Rights Association in 1866
to remove gender and race related restrictions on voting
Radical wing (Stanton and Anthony) opposed the Fifteenth Amendment, arguing it would
establish an "aristocracy of sex"

Woman suffragists split into the moderate American Woman Suffrage Association and the
more radical all-female National Woman Suffrage Association
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​ ​ WSA supported more rights than suffrage, including those discussed in the
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Declaration of Sentiments of the Seneca Falls convention in 1848
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​II
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​ ​ormer slaves struggled to establish economic, political, and cultural autonomy
F
b
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​ ​ oving About
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Many freed slaves left home to test their freedom, wanting to separate themselves from
former owners, and moved to predominantly black communities in the cities
M
​ any who left soon returned to the general vicinity because they cherished familial ties
and friendships
d
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​ ​ frican American Churches and Schools
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Blacks pooled resources (money, labor, housing, supplies, etc
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​ ​ ethodist and Baptist churches were the most prominent
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More than 90% of the South's adult black population was illiterate in 1860
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​ ccess to education = freedom
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​reemen's Bureau gave educational aid to the South by providing resources and some
teachers
FB and the American Missionary Association (AMA) assisted in the founding of black
colleges and the training of teachers
f
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​ ​ outh Carolina legislation in 1865 required costly permits for African Americans in
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certain trades
Most African Americans hoped to become self-sufficient farmers and believed they were
entitled to land
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​ ​olored Convention in Montgomery, AL in 1867: wanted to confiscate land from
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wealthy planters
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​ ohnson directed General Howard of the FB to evict freed people who squatted on
confiscated and abandoned lands in LA, GA, VA, and SC

S
​ harecropping​labor system that evolved during and after Reconstruction whereby
landowners furnished laborers with a house, farm animals, and tools in exchange for a
share of the laborers' crop - became common
1
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​ ​eneficial for landowners and African Americans
B
3
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​ ​y 1880, 80% of land in MS, AL, GA was divided into family-sized farms
B
g
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​ ​ L, FL, LA, MS, and SC had black electoral majorities
A
2
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​ ​rought together African Americans, soldiers, and FB agents to demand suffrage and
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end discrimination
Politics was the only field where black and white Southerners might engage each other on
an equal basis
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​V
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​ ​olitical structure of the South fragile over the next decade
P
b
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​ ​epublicans had control of south for most of Reconstruction, but by 1877, Democrats
R
had regained political control of all the former Confederate states
d
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​ ​ ost were veterans of the Union army, agents of the Freedmen‛s Bureau, and
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businessmen who invested in cotton and other enterprises
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​ ​ mall percentage of population, but large role in southern politics
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]​ ative Southern whites termed “​
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scalawags​
” who were mainly small landowning farmers and
well-off merchants and planters
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​ ​ anted modernization and economic expansion
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​ ​econstructing the States: A Mixed Record
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] ​ ith many old Confederate leaders barred from political participation, Republicans
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dominated the ten southern constitutional conventions of 1867-69
]​ ost conventions produced constitutions that expanded democracy
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​ ​ bolished property qualifications for officeholding and jury service
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3
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​ ​stablished orphanages, penitentiaries, asylums
E
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​epublicans had to balance reform and attempts to gain Southern acceptance
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​ ​ frican Americans demanded desegregation of railroad cars, theaters, etc
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​ ​ven if these civil rights laws were passed, they were difficult to enforce
E
Segregation was the norm in public school systems, but African Americans were more
interesting in having educational and employment opportunities than integrated education
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​epublicans failed to grant land to African Americans
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​epublicans raised taxes on land, attempting to weaken the plantation system and promote
black ownership
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​ ​ncouraged railroad construction
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a
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​ ​ ifficult to attract significant amounts of northern and European capital investments
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3
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​ ​ailure of railroads and failure to modernize the economy in the South eroded public
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confidence in the Republicans
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Party, planter class, and white supremacists
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​ ​ t their trial, KKK killed two defendants and the Republican judge, which lead to
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rioting in which thirty African Americans were murdered

The bloodiest episode of Reconstruction-era violence occurred in Colfax, LA on Easter
Sunday 1873 when 100 African Americans were killed after they failed to hole a besieged
courthouse during a contested election
In 1870 and 1871, Congress passed Enforcement Acts designed to counterattack racial
terrorism because, they claimed, interference with voting was a federal offense
1
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​ ​ uthorized president to send army and to suspend the writ of habeas corpus in
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districts declared to be in a state of insurrection
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​ ​ ttorney General Akerman prosecuted several Klansmen in NC and MS
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b
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​ ​ivil Rights Act of 1875 outlawed discrimination in public places such as railroads and
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theaters
a
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)
Democrats "redeemed" VA and TN in 1869, NC in 1870, GA in 1871, TX in 1873, AL and AR
in 1874, MS in 1876, and LA in 1877
African Americans faced obstacles to voting and social services
Supreme Court rulings constrained federal protection of African American civil rights
Slaughterhouse cases​ 1873 - rulings in which the Supreme Court contradicted the
of
intent of the Fourteenth Amendment by decreeing that most citizenship rights remained
under state, not federal, control
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​ ecisions that curtailed federal protection of black civil rights
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Reese​
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(1876) and ​
United States v
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​ ​ourt ruled that the Fifteenth Amendment didn't guarantee a citizen's right to vote,
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so states found loopholes to disfranchise blacks by passing laws restricting voter eligibility
through poll taxes and property requirements
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​ ​ hite Yeomen, White Merchants, and "King Cotton"
W
S
​ outh declined into the country's poorest agricultural region after failed Republican
attempts to modernize the South

S
​ outhern economy vulnerable due to its dependence on the price of cotton
After the Civil War, "King Cotton" expanded; small white farmers switched from
subsistence farming to growing cotton
Local merchants and planters were the sole sources of credit; they granted loans and
supplies to sharecroppers, owners, and farmers in exchange for a lien or claim on the
year's cotton crop
"Crop lien" system as main form of credit forced the expansion of cotton
Railroads, commercial fertilizers, and new land cultivation were key to this transformation
Demand for cotton brought high prices through the end of the war to the late 1860s, but
soon expanded production depressed prices
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​ ​ycle of low cotton prices, debt, and dwindling food crops
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​econstructing the North
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​ ​ rgued that laborers hire and train other people in a continuous cycle
A
c
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​ ​ rim reality of class conflicts: society was more hierarchical than equal, causing
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strikes
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​ ​ he Age of Capital
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After end of Civil War, the North continued its industrial boom
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​ ​argest subsidy in American history
L
2
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​ ​urlingame Treaty (1863) gave Chinese the right to emigrate to the US
B
A
​ fter completion of the trans
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​ ​882 Chinese Exclusion Act suspended Chinese immigration for 10 years
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Southern Pacific – San Francisco to Los Angeles to AZ and NM to New Orleans

R
​ailroad corporations became America‛s first big business
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​ ​ iscovered in 1872, ruining VP Colfax
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Boom in industries extracting minerals and processing natural resources
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​ ational Mineral Act of 1886 - mining companies received millions of acres of free public
land
By the late 1870s, Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company controlled 90% of nation's
oil-refining capacity
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​ ​alled for limited government and now opposed federal intervention in the South
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election
Grant won, carrying every northern state
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​lection follower trend of federal abandonment of African American citizenship rights
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​ib
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ideals defined growing conservativeness in North, attracting middle-class people
and businessmen
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​ ​ he Depression of 1873
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Post war boom ends in 1873 triggering a deep economic depression
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​ ​ ne fourth of New York City workers were unemployed
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Calls to government to create more jobs through public works were rejected
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​eople were angry at large corporations that showed great economic power

Political organizations like Chicago‛s Citizens Associations united businesses for fiscal
conservation and defense of property rights
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​ ​ istillers and U
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revenue agents to cheat government out of millions in tax revenues
D
2
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Hayes- governor of Ohio; lawyer in Cincinnati;
defended runaway slaves; General in Union army; supported an efficient civil service
system, to vigorously prosecute officials who betrayed the public trust, and to introduce a
system of free universal education
Democrat Nominee: Samuel Tilden- charged with disloyalty during the war, income tax
evasion, and close relations with powerful railroad interests
Tilden received 250,000 more popular votes than Hayes but Republicans refused to
concede victory
Uncontested electoral votes, Tilden: 184 (one short of majority to win); Hayes: 164
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​ ​ outhern states returned two sets of electoral votes
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3
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​ ​ive senators, five representatives, and five Supreme Court justices
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a
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​ ​oted along party lines
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Democrats angry and threatened a filibuster to block Hayes‛ inauguration
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​ompromise in February, more money for southern internal improvements, to appoint a
southerner to cabinets, and pursue a policy of noninterference in southern affairs
Hayes removed the federal troops in LA and SC
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