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Title: Respiratory and Digestive System Problem Set
Description: Contains practice problems on the respiratory and digestive systems. Functions of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (white blood cells). Atherosclerosis. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). Cilia and epithelium on trachea. Pathway of air. Partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Countercurrent exchange and gas exchange. Oxygen transporter: hemoglobin. pH changes and oxygen saturation. Cooperative binding. CO2 transport in the blood. Carbonic anhydrase. Breathing center in the medulla controls breathing rate. Detects carbon dioxide and pH levels in the blood. Saliva contains amylase, which breaks down starch and carbohydrates. Peristalsis. Secretory cells in stomach wall. Parietal cells. Chief cells. Mucus cells. Hydrochloric acid. Pepsinogen and pepsin. Zymogen. Trypsin activates procarboxypeptidase into carboxypeptidase, and chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin. Chymotrypsin cleaves polypeptides. Gall bladder. Olestra. Liver. Hormones.
Description: Contains practice problems on the respiratory and digestive systems. Functions of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (white blood cells). Atherosclerosis. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). Cilia and epithelium on trachea. Pathway of air. Partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Countercurrent exchange and gas exchange. Oxygen transporter: hemoglobin. pH changes and oxygen saturation. Cooperative binding. CO2 transport in the blood. Carbonic anhydrase. Breathing center in the medulla controls breathing rate. Detects carbon dioxide and pH levels in the blood. Saliva contains amylase, which breaks down starch and carbohydrates. Peristalsis. Secretory cells in stomach wall. Parietal cells. Chief cells. Mucus cells. Hydrochloric acid. Pepsinogen and pepsin. Zymogen. Trypsin activates procarboxypeptidase into carboxypeptidase, and chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin. Chymotrypsin cleaves polypeptides. Gall bladder. Olestra. Liver. Hormones.
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Problem Set #2
1) In one sentence each, what are the functions of erythrocytes and
leukocytes?
Erythrocytes: Transport oxygen
Leukocytes: Defend the body from foreign invaders
2) Atherosclerosis is a condition that can be detrimental if left untreated
...
Cholesterol
...
You would expect this
patient to have a relatively ( high / low ) amount of HDL and a relatively
( high / low ) amount of LDL
...
(b) To transport retinol by providing a hydrophobic binding pocket
...
(d) To transport cholesterol from the liver to cells and tissues
...
5) A male patient has an [LDL]/[HDL] ratio of 2
...
What is his risk of
Atherosclerosis?
Low
...
7) Label the order of organs/tissues in which air passes through during
inhalation:
___3__ Bronchiole
___1__ Trachea
___4__ Alveolus
___5__ Blood Stream
___2__ Bronchus
8) What is the partial pressure of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the air?
Oxygen: 160mmHg
Carbon Dioxide: 0
...
Countercurrent exchange is when the flow of the blood at the capillaries of gills flow in
the opposite direction of the water
...
To see the diagram, check out
Lecture 3 diagrams in my diagram folder
...
Thus the circulatory system cannot transport it
unless it has a carrier
...
11)
What is the metal ion that binds oxygen in hemoglobin? At what
charged state does it exist in?
Iron (Fe2+)
...
12)
How does increasing pH affect O2 saturation of hemoglobin?
(note: make sure you understand the curve/relationship between
partial pressure of oxygen and percent saturation of hemoglobin)
Increasing pH will increase O2 saturation of hemoglobin
...
13)
How does cooperative binding affect binding and release of
oxygen in hemoglobin?
When the first oxygen binds to the first subunit of hemoglobin, the other units will have
a higher affinity to oxygen and thus can bind oxygen more easily
...
This also works in the reverse
direction
...
14)
How is the majority of CO2 transported in the blood?
(a) Directly dissolved in the blood and red blood cells
...
(c) Binds to amino groups of hemoglobin
...
(e) Transported by a protein carrier
...
It does this by detecting a drop in pH in the blood (the more H2CO3 in the system, the
lower the pH)
Negative feedback loop
...
Amylase: Breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides
...
19)
Fill out the table below on the 3 types of secretory cells in the
stomach wall:
Type of cell (name)
Secreted product
Function of product
Parietal Cells
Chief Cells
Mucus Cells
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Lowers stomach pH
...
Pepsinogen
Activated by HCl to pepsin,
which breaks down proteins
...
20)
What is the purpose of folds in the stomach lining?
To increase surface area in order to increase the rate in which gastric juice is released
into the stomach
...
Inactive enzymes secreted into the small intestine by the pancreas
...
Procarboxypeptidase à Carboxypeptidase
Chymotrypsinogen à Chymotrypsin
23)
What are the two amino acids that chymotrypsin cleaves
polypeptides into?
Tyrosine and Phenylalanine
...
Yes, you can live without one
...
As a result, olestra will not be absorbed by the body and many thought it could
be used as a weight-‐loss substance
...
27)
Fill out the table below on intestinal enzymes:
Substrate
Enzyme
Product
Dipeptides
Dipeptidase
Amino Acids
Lactose
Lactase
Monosaccharides (Glucose and
Galactose)
Sucrose
Sucrase
Monosaccharides (Glucose and
Fructose)
Peptides
Aminopeptidase
Short Peptides and Amino
Acids
28)
Why is all nutrients absorbed first transported to the liver?
(a) To process nutrients to usable forms
...
(c) To maintain homeostasis
(d) All of the above
29)
Name 4 hormones involved in digestion
...
Gastrin: Released by stomach wall in response to food entering the stomach
...
Secretin: Released by duodenum in response to low pH in the duodenum
...
Triggers release of bile and pancreatic zymogen
...
Inhibits
peristalsis in stomach
...
SO IF YOU CAN DIGEST LACTOSE, IT IS THE
RESULT OF A MUTATION THAT PASSED ON NOT LONG AGO
Title: Respiratory and Digestive System Problem Set
Description: Contains practice problems on the respiratory and digestive systems. Functions of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (white blood cells). Atherosclerosis. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). Cilia and epithelium on trachea. Pathway of air. Partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Countercurrent exchange and gas exchange. Oxygen transporter: hemoglobin. pH changes and oxygen saturation. Cooperative binding. CO2 transport in the blood. Carbonic anhydrase. Breathing center in the medulla controls breathing rate. Detects carbon dioxide and pH levels in the blood. Saliva contains amylase, which breaks down starch and carbohydrates. Peristalsis. Secretory cells in stomach wall. Parietal cells. Chief cells. Mucus cells. Hydrochloric acid. Pepsinogen and pepsin. Zymogen. Trypsin activates procarboxypeptidase into carboxypeptidase, and chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin. Chymotrypsin cleaves polypeptides. Gall bladder. Olestra. Liver. Hormones.
Description: Contains practice problems on the respiratory and digestive systems. Functions of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (white blood cells). Atherosclerosis. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). Cilia and epithelium on trachea. Pathway of air. Partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Countercurrent exchange and gas exchange. Oxygen transporter: hemoglobin. pH changes and oxygen saturation. Cooperative binding. CO2 transport in the blood. Carbonic anhydrase. Breathing center in the medulla controls breathing rate. Detects carbon dioxide and pH levels in the blood. Saliva contains amylase, which breaks down starch and carbohydrates. Peristalsis. Secretory cells in stomach wall. Parietal cells. Chief cells. Mucus cells. Hydrochloric acid. Pepsinogen and pepsin. Zymogen. Trypsin activates procarboxypeptidase into carboxypeptidase, and chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin. Chymotrypsin cleaves polypeptides. Gall bladder. Olestra. Liver. Hormones.