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Title: Respiratory and Digestive System Problem Set
Description: Contains practice problems on the respiratory and digestive systems. Functions of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (white blood cells). Atherosclerosis. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). Cilia and epithelium on trachea. Pathway of air. Partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Countercurrent exchange and gas exchange. Oxygen transporter: hemoglobin. pH changes and oxygen saturation. Cooperative binding. CO2 transport in the blood. Carbonic anhydrase. Breathing center in the medulla controls breathing rate. Detects carbon dioxide and pH levels in the blood. Saliva contains amylase, which breaks down starch and carbohydrates. Peristalsis. Secretory cells in stomach wall. Parietal cells. Chief cells. Mucus cells. Hydrochloric acid. Pepsinogen and pepsin. Zymogen. Trypsin activates procarboxypeptidase into carboxypeptidase, and chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin. Chymotrypsin cleaves polypeptides. Gall bladder. Olestra. Liver. Hormones.

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Problem  Set  #2  
 
1) In  one  sentence  each,  what  are  the  functions  of  erythrocytes  and  
leukocytes?  

 
Erythrocytes:  Transport  oxygen  
Leukocytes:  Defend  the  body  from  foreign  invaders  
 
 
 
 
 
 
2) Atherosclerosis  is  a  condition  that  can  be  detrimental  if  left  untreated
...
 Cholesterol
...
 You  would  expect  this  
patient  to  have  a  relatively  (  high  /  low  )  amount  of  HDL  and  a  relatively  
(  high  /  low  )  amount  of  LDL
...
 
(b) To  transport  retinol  by  providing  a  hydrophobic  binding  pocket
...
 
(d) To  transport  cholesterol  from  the  liver  to  cells  and  tissues
...
 
 
 
 
5) A  male  patient  has  an  [LDL]/[HDL]  ratio  of  2
...
 What  is  his  risk  of  
Atherosclerosis?  
 
Low
...
 
 
 
 
 
 
7) Label  the  order  of  organs/tissues  in  which  air  passes  through  during  
inhalation:  
 
___3__        Bronchiole  
 
___1__        Trachea  
 
___4__        Alveolus  
 
___5__        Blood  Stream  
 
___2__        Bronchus  
 
 
 
8) What  is  the  partial  pressure  of  Oxygen  and  Carbon  Dioxide  in  the  air?  
 
Oxygen:  160mmHg  
Carbon  Dioxide:  0
...
 
 
 
Countercurrent  exchange  is  when  the  flow  of  the  blood  at  the  capillaries  of  gills  flow  in  
the  opposite  direction  of  the  water
...
 To  see  the  diagram,  check  out  
Lecture  3  diagrams  in  my  diagram  folder
...
 Thus  the  circulatory  system  cannot  transport  it  
unless  it  has  a  carrier
...
 
 
 
11)
What  is  the  metal  ion  that  binds  oxygen  in  hemoglobin?  At  what  
charged  state  does  it  exist  in?  
 
 
Iron  (Fe2+)
...
 
 
 
 
 
12)
How  does  increasing  pH  affect  O2  saturation  of  hemoglobin?  
(note:  make  sure  you  understand  the  curve/relationship  between  
partial  pressure  of  oxygen  and  percent  saturation  of  hemoglobin)  
 
 
Increasing  pH  will  increase  O2  saturation  of  hemoglobin
...
 
 
 
 
 
13)
How  does  cooperative  binding  affect  binding  and  release  of  
oxygen  in  hemoglobin?  
 
When  the  first  oxygen  binds  to  the  first  subunit  of  hemoglobin,  the  other  units  will  have  
a  higher  affinity  to  oxygen  and  thus  can  bind  oxygen  more  easily
...
 This  also  works  in  the  reverse  
direction
...
 
 
14)
How  is  the  majority  of  CO2  transported  in  the  blood?  
(a) Directly  dissolved  in  the  blood  and  red  blood  cells
...
 
(c) Binds  to  amino  groups  of  hemoglobin
...
 
(e) Transported  by  a  protein  carrier
...
 
It  does  this  by  detecting  a  drop  in  pH  in  the  blood  (the  more  H2CO3  in  the  system,  the  
lower  the  pH)  
Negative  feedback  loop
...
 
 
Amylase:  Breaks  down  polysaccharides  into  disaccharides
...
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

19)
Fill  out  the  table  below  on  the  3  types  of  secretory  cells  in  the  
stomach  wall:  
Type  of  cell  (name)  

Secreted  product  

Function  of  product  

 
 
Parietal  Cells  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chief  Cells  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mucus  Cells  
 
 
 
 

 
 
Hydrochloric  Acid  (HCl)  

 
 
Lowers  stomach  pH
...
 

 
 
 
Pepsinogen  

 
 
 
Activated  by  HCl  to  pepsin,  
which  breaks  down  proteins
...
 

 
 
 
20)

What  is  the  purpose  of  folds  in  the  stomach  lining?  

 
 
To  increase  surface  area  in  order  to  increase  the  rate  in  which  gastric  juice  is  released  
into  the  stomach
...
 

 
Inactive  enzymes  secreted  into  the  small  intestine  by  the  pancreas
...
 
 
 
Procarboxypeptidase  à  Carboxypeptidase  
Chymotrypsinogen  à  Chymotrypsin  
 
 
 
 
 
 
23)
What  are  the  two  amino  acids  that  chymotrypsin  cleaves  
polypeptides  into?  
 
 
Tyrosine  and  Phenylalanine
...
 
Yes,  you  can  live  without  one
...
 As  a  result,  olestra  will  not  be  absorbed  by  the  body  and  many  thought  it  could  
be  used  as  a  weight-­‐loss  substance
...
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

27)

Fill  out  the  table  below  on  intestinal  enzymes:  

 
Substrate  

Enzyme  

Product  

Dipeptides  

Dipeptidase  

Amino  Acids  

Lactose  

Lactase  

Monosaccharides  (Glucose  and  
Galactose)  

Sucrose  

Sucrase  

Monosaccharides  (Glucose  and  
Fructose)  

Peptides  

Aminopeptidase  

Short  Peptides  and  Amino  
Acids  

 
 
 
28)
Why  is  all  nutrients  absorbed  first  transported  to  the  liver?  
(a) To  process  nutrients  to  usable  forms
...
 
(c) To  maintain  homeostasis  
(d) All  of  the  above  
 
 
 
 

29)
Name  4  hormones  involved  in  digestion
...
 

 
Gastrin:  Released  by  stomach  wall  in  response  to  food  entering  the  stomach
...
 
Secretin:  Released  by  duodenum  in  response  to  low  pH  in  the  duodenum
...
 
Triggers  release  of  bile  and  pancreatic  zymogen
...
 Inhibits  
peristalsis  in  stomach
...
 SO  IF  YOU  CAN  DIGEST  LACTOSE,  IT  IS  THE  
RESULT  OF  A  MUTATION  THAT  PASSED  ON  NOT  LONG  AGO
Title: Respiratory and Digestive System Problem Set
Description: Contains practice problems on the respiratory and digestive systems. Functions of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (white blood cells). Atherosclerosis. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). Cilia and epithelium on trachea. Pathway of air. Partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Countercurrent exchange and gas exchange. Oxygen transporter: hemoglobin. pH changes and oxygen saturation. Cooperative binding. CO2 transport in the blood. Carbonic anhydrase. Breathing center in the medulla controls breathing rate. Detects carbon dioxide and pH levels in the blood. Saliva contains amylase, which breaks down starch and carbohydrates. Peristalsis. Secretory cells in stomach wall. Parietal cells. Chief cells. Mucus cells. Hydrochloric acid. Pepsinogen and pepsin. Zymogen. Trypsin activates procarboxypeptidase into carboxypeptidase, and chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin. Chymotrypsin cleaves polypeptides. Gall bladder. Olestra. Liver. Hormones.