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GOV 312L 1/22/16
What is Democracy?
The Core Principles of Democracy: Popular Sovereignty, Collective Autonomy, and Consent
Greeks now would say what we have is not Democracy
...

Everyone calls themselves Democratic
...
Doesn't
make any sense to think were Democratic
...

“peoples democracy” elections are not sufficient for Democracy, difficult to define Democracy
because so many people call themselves Democratic, Greek term two parts: kratos “form of
rule” demo “people”, anarchy is bad the big and strong will take over absence of rule doesn't
work, Sovereignty is the highest in the land but in Democracy the people are in charge, people
could do whatever they want to do, ultimate base of rule is the people some type of
agreement, participation and obligation, collective autonomy: self laws collectively as a people
involved in making laws, social contract to the laws because they are made by you to protect
you, equality before the law equally obligates, Plato’s Crito!!!!! common people have equal
opportunity to make laws, evolvement, with representatives the people are consenting on who
they want to make their choices for them, Democracy means that political rule is ultimately
based on the consent of the citizens considered as political equals, one person one vote
Additions and Qualifications
Why Communism’s Imputed Consent is not Democratic
Democracy squared? People don't have a good idea of what they want, short interests, media
manipulation, say they know the true interest of the people govern not after what they say but
what they really meant to say and actually want, they know what’s good for everyone else, not
political equality, US says everyone is the best interpreter of their own interests, we ask what
do you want and then take action not assume we know what you want, actual visible valid
indicators of what you really want in the US, communism twisted consent “Imputed”, if only
you were more enlightened and knew your own interests
Why Elections without Choice are not Democratic
In Russia based in imputed consent, dismissed the observable expressed interests in the people,
lost elections threw it out you don't know what you really want, I'm best for you, US doesn't
accept Imputed Consent, no one knows better for the people but the people, no choice no
Democracy, that’s not a vote, cannot have elections without effective choice, one election for
office doesn't count, especially like Cuba when you have one candidate, in Egypt media
destroyed others chances, government control, unfair competition that isn't a real choice, to
make sure consent is effective and real we have to make sure this choice is given to the citizens
with freedom
Why Abdication of Consent (Hitler) is not Democratic
Free Democratic election but who they elected passed laws that limit citizens freedoms, what if
you elect someone that says they want to rule for life, sovereignty, we could choose to give up
our sovereignty for the rest of our lives, we could elect a dictator but shooting ourselves in the
foot, we can transfer consent, every Democracy insists on renewal consent, to make sure
someone cant dismantle Democracy from the inside
Why Limited Citizenship (US pre-1964) is not fully Democratic
you cant exclude large parts of the population, Athens did it, many say the US before 1964
wasn't Democratic, cant say people cant vote by race or gender, inclusive definition of a citizen,

Democracy is a political regime in which the possibility of undisturbed public contestation
(freedom of speech etc
...


MODELS OF DEMOCRACY I: DIRECT DEMOCRACY 1/25/16

Direct Democracy a la Athens
Most Democratic system that ever existed, not sending a congressman, equal right to give
speeches and voice opinions, now I don't make decisions, I only have representatives, selected
people by lottery, perfect political equality, the people: THE PEOPLE IS COLLECTIVE,
idiosyncratic is negative “idiot”
Guiding Principles
Decision-Making by the Citizenry
Once a year they get to choose who gets to be ostracized and forced to exile on pot sherds, this
could lead to political inequality
Maximum Political Equality
Selected people by lottery to fill offices, military leaders, etc
...
8 billion
Advanced Information Technology to the Rescue?
Technology frees out time to think about politics, we could use this for debate or voting, life is
no longer simple, not simple decisions like taxing goat cheese not nuking Iran, wasn't much to
regulate, so common citizens have a good idea of the political issues at the time, life now is too
complex


MODELSOFDEMOCRACY -II 1/27/16

Representative Democracy
Very different principle, only authoritative decision making power is we give someone else the
right to make decisions on our behalf, we authorize someone to make the decisions, one right,
years they have your life in their hands, laws that bind us, in principle they could reintroduce
the draft, how do you make sure they do more or less of what we want them to do? we can
recreate democracy in a unit if we add representation
Guiding Principle: Decision-Making by Representatives Authorized by Citizenry
If given the choice to vote on everything you would only vote on the things that you cared
about, fragmented power, self selected voting, unrepresentative decision making, unrealistic,
election in representative democracy is a two stage process, select special person to represent
interests, involves citizenry
How Representation Addresses the Problems of Direct Democracy
Create a small scale, not self selected, cross section of the population used, modern theorists
would say representative is not a democracy
How Much “Freedom” for the Representatives?
how much latitude and liberty do you give to these representatives? That’s iffy, they could
become self serving elites, some think we should just trust, how has the party system dealt with
this issue? political parties have a program to commit to a certain goal with policies, have to
stay close to it, party insures cohesion of view points, pretty much have to stick with what you
said you would do
The Problems of Responsiveness and Accountability
responsiveness and accountability, listen and try to do their best to follow the popular will,
supposed to stay responsive or will loose your seat, elected to senate for a mandate, can’t
impeach your senator in US, you have to trust them, sanctioned power is limited, fixed term of
office, BUT no reelection, citizenry can assess their promise for the future pass judgement,
renewal keeps citizen accountability, need competition to fill that persons hole, can only punish
if they want to be reelected and there’s a competitor, but do you really think that the
competition will do a better job? not that simple and strait forward
Democracy — of Technocracy?
Complicated because now they have to rely on expertise, world is so complex, need to draw in
experts, politicians gravitating towards the same position because all influenced by same
experts, expert rule, signing what someone else prepares and puts under your face, do
politicians really evaluate what they're proposing, hollowed out from the inside? are they
making decisions or are they the mouth pieces of all the scientists
The Challenge of Globalization
local decision making to national level decision making, globalization is moving from national
decision making to supranational decision making, delegating decision making to international
organizations, local-national-supranational, compromises being made are hard to figure out,
global decision making is going to move decision making even further from the citizens, another
layer to make sure representatives are responsive and accountable to their citizens
Electoral Participation Amidst Socioeconomic Inequality

Citizens have to want to be involved, smaller demands on citizens, many people don't really
even vote, electoral participation goes way up with income (socioeconomic status), inequality
in representative democracy is high, this effects decisions in congress
The Impact of Inequality on Democracy: Divergent Positions
Liberal Democracy
look we just care about one person one vote, if people don't go out and vote that’s their
decisions, they must be reasonably content, if there’s inequality sorry you're not exercising
your rights, you're allowed to vote you're allowed not to vote
The Marxian Criticism & Counter-Proposal
of course this is a problem, in effect if you have skewed voting then this is a rule for the rich by
the rich, class rule, poor don't have time to worry about politics, so called democracy is a sham,
abolish economic and social inequality, can’t in capitalism, need socialism
Social Democracy
Marxian is too radical but the existing system is problematic, but it gives poor people the right
to vote, we’ll try to give them more political influence they'll make more gradual changing in
social economic issues in the country

Liberal Democracy 1/29
Basic Assumptions of (Classical, Europe) Liberalism
Representative Democracy is much less democratic, representatives are full time politicians,
rely on expertise, globalization makes it less and less democratic the higher and higher people
making decisions even farther away from direct democracy, LIBERAL say social inequality
doesn't matter, legal equal opportunity is all that matters, one person one vote, US is liberal
democracy, most liberal in the world, liberalism is a term used in many different ways, America
uses the Latin/Classical/European definition: Liberal is free, individual freedom and liberty, free
market, Ronald Reagan type, contrast to conservative, contrast to socialist, football got
distorted, so did the definition of liberal, the state is a potential threat, not just for the few
strong people, the state has coercive power, voluntarily activity/exchange, makes us better off,
economy and society are based off of voluntary exchange, freedom to do it or not, in economy
and society people acting out of own initiative, balance between supply and demand,
decentralized coordination, because of competition, individual producer and consumer
decisions, all self interests, money, laws can bite you backed up by coercion, want broadest
possible range, need state in economy because of fundamental functions like guaranteed
property rights, foundation of the economy is the state guaranteeing property rights, but the
state is clumsy can mess up economy, economy responds in a flexible way to supply and
demand, liberals love the free market liberalism came about in the opposition of Absolutionism,
from Louis 14th, he said nothing mattered in politics except I'm a king and I'm absolved from
the laws, appointed by god, one person concentrated power, ran politics, killed any opposition,
controlled economy, created government manufacturing, restricted trade, many regulations,
made everyone Catholic, some books and newspapers and science was censored, you couldn't
even think what you wanted to think, The Three Principal Strategies of Liberalism
Confine the State to a Narrow Political Sphere
get the state out of intellectual life, the state can only deal with political things, state has no
right interfering with other areas of life like religion, private decisions, science is outside what

politics can regulate, society is free of state impositions, state should get involved in economy
very little, private sector: state stays out, realm of coercion, should protect the realms of
freedom, declare they are extra political, liberalism want to confined the state, freedom of
professional choice
Tame State Power Institutionally: Constitution with Basic Rights; Checks and Balances
“but I'm still the sun king”, were going to tame state power institutionally, he could do
whatever he want, liberalism want to impose institutional limitations, rule of law, state power
is governed by laws, you cant do whatever you want to do, its always the same, laws are laws,
constitution is hard to change its permanent restraints and boundaries, liberals want a firm
constitution, popular sovereignty is restrained, old principles have contemporary relevance,
separation of powers by checks and balances, Louis 14 one power concentrating all state
power, constitution isn't sufficient, have to divide up powers of the state, need to cooperate to
get anything done, different independent powers that have to come to an agreement, tame
state power institutionally then divide up power
Make State Power Dependent on Popular Consent—via Representation
if the people are the source of authorizing power they need to consent, state decision making
with popular consent, the people that are voting are the ones sticking out their neck, its a safe
guard, people are much less likely to do something against the will of the people, liberals want
state power based on popular consent, favor representation and representative democracy,
people can be distracted, majority could apse on minority, people can misuse their power,
don't want common people making decisions just electing experts
Tensions between Liberalism & Popular Sovereignty:
Liberals except that sovereignty lies with the people, someone has to be it, don't want the king
to be it, is best assigned to the people, highest power in the land can be bad, accept it but want
to reign in its exercise want to make it hard to make political decisions, worried about power in
the people too,


II) Marxian Democracy 2/1/16

Basic Assumptions
Much more optimistic, new society, bring happiness to the people, bring the best, fundamental
challenge to liberal democracy
Economics as the Base of Politics
says exploitation so not political equality, bring real economical social equality to have real
democracy, of the people for the people by the people, says economic is basis of politics, of
everything, no economic foundation nothing works, drives other spheres, politics culture
thinking etc
...
Need to get rid of this, revamp it, doesn't have to be
violent, bring fundamental change
How Revolution Will Come About, in Marx’s Eyes
Not drawing up Utopia that comes out of nowhere, just an extension of trends all we need to
do is give this development a qualitative push to step forward, on the course to happening,
capitalism is the ground for the new socialist society, don't want to redistribute sacristy,
redistribute abundance and wealth, Capitalism I don’t like parts of it but there’s more wealth to
go around, society as a whole was much more affluent, its great to increase affluence but bad
at distributing it, redistribute to make everyone well off, its what’s going on already were just
giving it a push at the end, extension of historical developments that are already on their way
Expected Results of Revolution: A Classless, Conflict-free, and Eventually Stateless Society
Complex structure of social class, goal is to abolish private property inequalities, capitalist
competition have driven people into bankruptcy and taken away their private property and
become working class citizens, capitalism separates classes to many workers few business
people, get rid of business class, its conflict, only conflict is with property owners and non
owners, classless you can bring back direct democracy, people on the same wave length, wants
to reintroduce democracy in larger nation-states, social reforms to guarantee democracy, don't
need high up choice making politically, no coercion, no imposed rules, people will just agree, no
need for state, real community
Direct Democracy a la Marx
Council System: Direct Democracy at a Large Scale
wants to introduce pyramid structure, assembled working class makes relative public decisions,
regional councils, ____, then one national,

Delegates (Council System) vs
...
1, Marxism puts equality No
...
thats a powerful
organization Social democracy is a form of representative democracy that checks the influence
if privileged social groups and classes and enhances the influence of disadvantaged social
classes, especially through collective organizations; the uses state intervention in the economy
to tame market forces and creates a welfare state to bring about social justice and universal
citizenship; and that tries to extend democratic mechanisms to economic and societal
institutions
...
Economic State Interventionism to Tame Market Forces
Use the state as the solution to the social and economic problems in society, free market
economy requires competition, need state to make sure economy is tamed, labor rights job

security etc
...
Welfare State: Protection against Poverty, Alleviation of Inequality
Need redistributed welfare state, capitalism creates a lot of money, but unfairly distributed,
need state to even things out, distribute resources, decisive to protect people against poverty,
want to tax the rich to redistribute from rich to the poor, abolish poverty, diminish social
inequality

C
...
The Extension of Democracy into Economy and Society
democracy legitimates authority, democratic mechanisms in business enterprises, managers
being elected, all things should be democratic not just politics
7
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e
...
makes different models more or less effective to a country, not just one perfect
model that works best with all countries
The Liberal Tradition in the US
The Prevalence of Liberal Values
US is the clearest cut Liberal Democracy, morals people hold true and dear in this country are
its political values, high priority on individual liberty and equality of opportunity but not
outcome, distrust of the government or authority, unusually strong consensus in these strong
liberal values, different from most other countries
Why are Liberal Values so Firmly Entrenched?
US is a country of immigrants so commitment to liberal values is what it means to be an
American, its a cultural given, what defines Americans? not ethnicity or race or religion, the
common bond is commitment to these liberal values that are decisive, you can be Christian or
Jewish but you are American committed to liberal values, accept all liberal consensus, an unAmerican activity would be anything communists (not anything of Italian culture or Muslim
religion), that’s what makes us American
Challenges from the Left— and Right
Opposition used to only come from the left, argument that social justice is important need less
inequality, need a welfare state to make real equal opportunity, stronger challenger in the last
few decades has come from the right, school prayer fundamental principles being challenged,
but right is now the majority, are we a Christian country? That’s not Liberal were just American
even though Christianity is the majority, security controls intensifies after 9/11, concerns front
the right grow
Liberal Safeguards in the Institutional Framework
The bite, guides our behavior, liberal safety, authority is legally bound, embodiment of the law
The Constitution
Most important fundamental law, so firm its hard to change, supposed to provide stable
predictable framework for politics in American for hundreds of years, changed very little, only
27 amendments and 10 came in the first year, in 200 years we've only added 17 amendments,
hard to pass amendments, many countries have constitutions that are easier to change,
liberalism says constitution has a function to provide a firm framework that has resilience, want
it difficult to change, most firm in the entire world, average lifetime is 19 years, ours is 226
years old, rules of how you get political power and how you exercise it, most important part is
guarantee of human and civil rights, are never changed
Judicial Review
Supreme court extended its official power, clear in constitution that courts can review acts of
government, US supreme court can review acts made my congress whether laws are
constitutional, crucial additional step to say they can strike down those laws that are
unconstitutional, 9 people not elected by population, 5/9 say NO law is gone, unusual limitation
on popular sovereignty, legitimate old laws to tie down current laws, but constitution has
superiority over current will of the people, limits current popular sovereignty and popular will,
fixed firm framework comes before desires of current people
Separation of Powers: Checks and Balances
To really uphold constitution is a distribution of power, separation, dispersal of power, set

limits of each sections ability to gain political power, executive legislative judicial branches,
worried about legislative branch because tyranny of majority, now even legislative branch is
divided up, check and balance by Senate, strong concern of separation of powers, most
democratic branch is House of Representatives, accept inefficiency as a cost for insurance of no
rise to power


Liberal Democracy in the US Part II 2/10/15
3) US Presidentialism vs
...
Great Britain) An Attenuated Separation of Powers
Parliament: House of Lords, real influence is in the House of Commons, Parliament choses who
is head of government and is there for Prime Minister, Prime Minister can call a reelection at
anytime for Parliament, no fixed term in office, Prime Minister runs on winning votes in
Parliament, limitation: European Union can add judicial limitation on British government power,
PARLIAMENTARY SOVEREIGNTY, Prime Minister is selected and legitimated by Parliament,
constantly subject to recall by Parliament, no British constitution, if Prime Minister proposes
any bill to Parliament and looses the vote the Prime Minister is expected to step down,
Margaret Thatcher said no lets change that, US president can get away with it easy, any second
can be gone as Prime Minister, Parliament is center of whole thing, Parliament can elect a
Prime Minister replacement, majority must be retained for Prime Minister, citizens only vote
for one person in parliament, parliament elects government into office, gov and parliament
come from same party, depend on each other, majority in parliament wants to have the prime
minister, attenuated separation of powers, if you want Prime Minister you have to have your
people elected into Parliament
The Government’s Power in Parliamentarism
The government can use parliament for power, select someone support that person, feels
obligated to support that Prime Minister, political blackmail, you have to keep voting for me if
you don't want me to fall
Advantages and Disadvantages of Presidentialism
Congress only votes on substance of the bills, don't have to worry about retaining president in
office, Parliament has to worry about passing a bill and keeping someone in office, voting
against who you put in office— well he could turn back on you for not voting for him, party
discipline bonds separation of powers, no bond in US, means of pressure both ways, PM will fall
if Parliament doesn't support him, blackmail you have to keep voting for me or your opposition
might take over, who really has the guiding role?
4) Presidentialism as an Obstacle to Social Reform
Checks and Balances Hinder Change

Many branches makes it difficult to bring change, two halves of congress too, in Britain not that
hard to win one majority vote, 3 branches hard to get through but much more legitimacy more
people are happy more sustainability, US is more stable, British is more democratic but more
volatile, US more in line with liberal democracy, British is more social democracy more change
and reform, people want a change they can hardly make a change just slow things down, hard
to take over supreme court, lifetime servings, courts resistant to change
The Courts as Bastions of Liberalism (until the New Deal Era)
Hard to take over supreme court, lifetime servings, courts resistant to change, bastions of
economic liberalism, slows down advance to social democracy


LIBERAL DEMOCRACY IN THE US III-2/12/16
Weakness of Political Party Organizations in the US
Parties are less strongly organized, demands roll of money in American politics
Presidentialism-Lack of Institutional Incentive
Less ability to insert interests in politics, elections are independent, president remains if you
lose vote in congress
Early Democratization
Had to push for fight against suffrage in Europe, already had rights in America, didn't have a
need for strong mobilization of people
Intra-Party Democracy: Primaries
Different fractions fight each other, separates and divides power in a party, release scandals
etc
...
Why only Limited State Intervention & Welfare State in US?
The Need for Some State Intervention in Modern Capitalism
Market Imperfections
Airfares are going up bcs only a few businesses competing in the market, not like the textbooks,
sometimes companies fail
Government Interventions as a Corrective
Gov needs to protect the market and make sure there isn't a total concentration of capital, no
monopolizing, few big producers, free market says one company goes bankrupt they didn't do
something right that’s the punishment of the market, with big companies a whole region can
depend on one company so the government is required to intervene in crisis they cant let that
many people fall, gov is required to maintain the system, gov is compelled to bail out huge
businesses, then impose regulations that keep it from happening again
The Limited Power of Workers and Poor People
They vote, they have social measures, push for certain social benefits and protection, service
providers especially, protest lobbying etc
...
The Further Weakening of Parties and Trade Unions in the US?
Economic Changes Erode Trade Union Strength
European taxes much higher, 70% of price of gas goes to the government, when you have the
money to take care of yourself you have individual freedom with low taxes, its a price to pay,
destruction of trade unions over time in the US its like 10%, people not all in the same industry
factory worker position in a large unit, not all organized with similar interests, no longer the
backbone, traditional industry gone because of newly industrializing countries and
globalization, industry away from advanced world to newly advancing countries, technology
also ever evolving, needed 1,000 now need 3 engineers and some janitors, no working class,
went into service sectors other remedial jobs, dispersed and hard to organize Social Mobility
Erodes Patronage Networks
Solid south, parties had organizational strength, people integrated don't need someone
controlling them anymore, hard to maintain network and control, middle class stronger no
need for patronage, machine parties, got people to vote

New Issues Create Divisions inside Parties
Weakened political parties and trade unions, New Deal coalition, agreed on issues there were
not that many other decisive issues, stuff started coming up and splits coalition, rise of
feminism, less strong now, environmental issues
Further Decline in Electoral Participation
Machine parties forced people to vote? political parties not as strong anymore, people more
apathetic


THE FUTURE OF LIBERAL DEMOCRACY IN THE US 2/19/16
An Ever More Liberal Democracy?
Trend Reversal: The Rise of Neoliberalism
The welfare state protests people from the discipline of the market, government intervention in
the economy business is less dynamic, economic liberalism says we have to get rid of this
protection, changes in economy are moving towards economic liberalism, slashing social
democracy, institutional capacity to enact change, Great Britain came in and slashed back to
Liberal Dem, 1970s trend reversal in US, revival of economic liberalism (neoliberalism) want to
make institutional change to bring back free market economy, foothold in the republican party
wanted free market, used RR
Reagan’s Big Push — Tax, Cuts, Few Spending Cuts
Wanted to restore economic dynamism, cut back taxes promised tax reforms, for economic
freedom, makes private sector more money and room, unemployment goes down, produce
more limit price increase, free the economy, mostly through tax reform, wanted to cut social
benefits and spending’s, but was much harder bcs people defend their benefits and don't want
their entitlements reduced so Reagan didn't get that far, parties were also torn on this idea so
didn't make much change, divided government so liberal democracy made it hard for him to
push for economic liberalism, authority dispersed, changes not everyone agreed on, no
concentrated power to make quick change, less taxes more disposable income for citizens to
use so more wealth, big public deficit, limit future expansion of public spending in congress
Clinton: No Health Reform, but Welfare Reform
1992 US only advanced industrialized country that didn't have universal health coverage,
democrat wanted to move another direction, didn't propose it in a radical way, European
countries strict and sudden, not feasible, complicated plan more than 1200 pages long, health
plan doesn't go through, was made to create new basis for democratic party to entrench itself
in the state, pressure to cut back on social spending, social security really big, single mothers
depended on the state, even under democratic president we moved towards liberal democracy
W
...
of Homeland Security, justified need to create more safety for society,
entrenching republican party, airport control, patriot act, NSA, temporary political effect,
strengthened Bush for a while, longest stretch of unified government under bush, if you get
congress you have to get presidency, bush managed to have both his party and activists win
congress, national security made people support their president
Trend Reversal? The Obama Presidency
Crisis — Increasing State Intervention in Economy?
Big economic crisis when Obama came in, 2008 economic crash from deregulation and free
market capitalism, started moving in a social democracy direction, had more ambitious long
term plans with bailout tried to use this to give the government a more important longer lasting
role in the economy
Completing the US Welfare State? Health Care
Make a move towards health care reform, Obama Care, a step towards universal coverage, 83%
coverage wanted to push it to 94%, got through congress but a lot of challenges in the courts,
when law was passed Supreme Court has to review it, hard to enact change in any direction
More Checks than Balances?
Hard to enact change with Judicial Branch final say even if you get the president and congress
A March toward Social Democracy (Kenworthy)

Social Democracy in Sweden 2/24/16
Underlying Values
Taking away disposable income, Sweden looks up to PAR, 80-90% participate in elections, don't
care about personal lives of politicians, assess by political goals, accountability more focused on
political goals, responsiveness not lower than in liberal democracy, committed to social
solidarity, fight for democracy was popular mobilization was easier, got people on board, poor
working class doesn't have money but has numbers, need universal suffrage, one person one
vote, business is only 10% of the population, blue collar working class was 40% of the
population, less privileged 80%, need to extend the suffrage to make the vote, counterbalance
the big money with a big vote, social democracy emphasizes cohesion into one program, offer
social protection, more political influence, etc
...

Cultural Homogeneity
Easy with people that are all tall blue eyed blonde Lutherans, used to be very easy to organize
strong collective movements, opposite of US, people all agreed no cleavage
Political-Institutional Factors
Parliamentary System
Same system as Great Britain, hard to sustain PM in office if divided government, want all same
party, two issues: running platform and capacity to govern, voters reward you for your capacity
to organize and potentially govern, parties with strong organization are favored by voters,
parties with more internal conflict and division have a harder time getting elected and staying
in office because have to vote for your PM to stay in
Proportional Representation — Multi-Party System — “Minority” Governments with Allies
Electoral system non one else has that is called proportional representation, our electoral
system cuts US into districts, Sweden uses bigger region of county no party has majority, each
percent gets that much power in the district, your vote share gets translated into number of
seats, favors bigger party but vote chairs reflected in seat chairs, social democratic party always
biggest party, 50%+, represented all parties, SD first in line to elect PM, Sweden had social
democracy for 44 years, PM passed laws for all kinds of parties to keep him in office and SD in
control, other parties give support for SD, no formal alliance, later took support from
communists, not one big swoop, step by step from 1930s to now


Us and Sweden started same, Sweden advanced to social democracy us didn’t, wanted equity
solidarity more social justice, strong collective organization in Sweden pushed for social
democracy never had that in US, us not homogeneous didn’t collect, social democracy was the
natural government but didn’t have real majority in parliament, doesn’t create majorities, drew
support from left and right, didn’t have the capacity to ram their program through, why did
Sweden advance so much so far? Flip side of us, no individual advancement like us, us didn’t
have collectiveness, no institutional incentive for firm party association like in Sweden

Social Democracy in Sweden – II 2/26
1
...
From Confrontation to Comprise
Swedish business class big and powerful, trade unions make demands and this
grows, business class says forget it and tries to crush it, late 19th century lot of
conflict, trade unions want more radical demands, protest, riots, fighting for
decades, there’s a cost to this fighting, economy suffers, after decades search for
compromise, after social democratic party won government power trade unions get
voices and they have to face the music, government can pass laws to increase
benefits and demands for trade unions
b
...

2
...
Very Limited Socialization
For this to work well they have to balance in a systematic way, limited take over by
public sector, private sector, Sweden is export depended, need a dynamic and
powerful sector that’s more influential in the global market, need to be competitive
and successful that requires private running of companies, but good amount of
government regulation and control, maintain capitalist system but use the
government to make sure that this free market capital system works in a fair way for
everybody, benefits that market produces are shared with all sectors of society
b
...
The Regulation of Business

Government spending to stimulate the economy, stay close to full
employment, smoothing out the market, government will spend more to
make sure unemployment doesn’t go through the roof, government
intervention to what you can do and not do how you treat laborers and the
environment, focused on channeling of investment and
ii
...
Active Labor Market Policies
Workers can keep their job or find a new one easily because economy
stimulated by the government, it’s a loss for the country too because you
educate these people and train them all to sit at home, waste for yourself
and society to go from making cars to flipping burgers, when you have
unemployment they pushed them into retraining in a different work or
profession that has more prospect in the future for better chances for your
self, investments in YOU, paying people to retrain and invest in people
making them more productive for the future
c
...
A Generous, Redistributive, Costly Welfare State

Universal health care, social protection, free day care, redistributive
property, egalitarian, everyone entitled to same thing, high taxes, people
cant afford some things, gas and beer really high because government
taxes high, less individual disposable income more solidarity, economic
sufficiency, economic dynamism

RECAP: Sweden for a few decades eliminated poverty, they took care of people, how was that
done? Most distinctive mechanism in which they achieved this: they combined economic
efficiency and social justice by solidaristic wage bargaining (pushing for highest wage demands)
make demands people doing the same job making low wages in bad performing sectors not fair
social justice so equal pay for equal work, in same boat for same work, janitor in a school makes
as much as janitor in Google
...
The Radicalization of Swedish Social Democracy in the 1960s and 1970s
There was stable class compromise, but more mobilization and push for social change in
the 1960s, world wide movement, US civil rights movement, Sweden wanted
revitalization of social forms, strengthening the left, more radical demands, emphasis on
collective organization
a
...
The Debate over Wage-Earner Funds
Went too far, employee investment funds, Handcock covers this, this was too
radical, labor union wanted a share of profits to be turned into the capital of the
company but owned by the labor union, if you keep going by 30-40 years about half
the capital in the firm will be owned by labor, business private vs collective labor
property, labor will get more and more influence at the table because they’ll own
more, get more director positions until its even, 50/50 representation, this shouldn’t
be a problem because ultimately the underlining idea is that property should be
controlled by everyone, Marxism inspired proposal, not taking away property,
moving it slowly, not sooo radical, not moving into state control
4
...
Political Backlash from Social Democracy’s Radicalization

Business in the end is willing to redistribute the benefits of the economy, but
draw the line at property ownership, labor in the eyes of business were violating
the compromise they made, businesses said WOAH this is not cool, threw a big
fit, started a process of greater ideological polarization, this is not about equality
this is about power and influence, business dug in their heels, we wont violate
the spirit of class compromise, compromise much harder to come by after this
demand, less willingness to make compromise
b
...
The Erosion of Collective Organization
With new technologies you’re too busy to be collective, I rather Netflix then go
to a social democratic debate, back in the day people mobilized because there
was nothing else to do, not the same kind of socialization, Ill watch the news
from my couch alone rather than going to a group organized event, people used
to live their lives in a social democracy based sectors like kindergartens and
churches, doesn’t happen anymore
d
...
Post-Material Demands (Environment, Gender)
Fundamental things were material demands, when people get more
prosperous their interests are more diversified, more divided now that
you have what you want, whole range of demands (race, abortion,
sexuality, etc
...
Immigration- Increasing Heterogeneity
Swedish democracy ran for 40 years, Sweden very open, imported ethnic
diversity, become ethnically heterogeneous, lead to right wing antiimmigrant parties, 13% of the vote, working class people who see them
as competition for jobs, drawn support away from social democracy, vote
share of social democracy has shrunk from 43% to ??, right wing parties
have grown and drawn some of that number away, maybe social
democracy has to fold and move to liberal democracy


RECAP: the success of social democracy allows people to focus on other issues and those issues
destroy social democracy, creates more cleavage because more time to focus on issues like
environment, economic liberalism is making countries like Sweden and GB turn around but the
turn around is easy for US already very close, economic liberalism is competitive market,
welfare got cut in US because it was only the poorest of the poor

Social Democracy in Sweden – IV 3/2/16
5
...
The End of Further Expansion
Seeing more push from the right wing, little expansion, ended expansion to
social democracy, 1980/90s economic crisis, economic model is failing, European
and global reasons effecting many countries, elections of a non social democratic
government comes up, headed by non social democrats, lost of social majority
so no negotiations with other parties
b
...
Moderate Cuts even under Social Democracy
Cuts in the welfare state create concentrated losses that are very visible, its
politically costly, you have to be hard core committed to doing this, if the
economy turned around you might be supported because people don’t suffer so
much, too bad for you, tried to make the welfare state a little smarter and less
protective, you cant be sick for 32950395 days, Swedish welfare state pushed
retraining more, upgrade peoples skills, shift in the logic, not just taking care of
people but investing in their skills
d
...
Strong Commitment to Generous Welfare State
Wanted to defend welfare state as much as possible, but wanted to tighten rules
so that the system isn’t abused, strong consensus of this
6
...
Sweden’s Renewed Economic Success
Swedish economy has recovered to be one of the most competitive countries in
the world, hasn’t suffered much, big welfare state good economic growth:
what’s the secret? Face stiff global competition, can’t have low wages to
compete with the Chinese, instead we have high skills and high quality
b
...
European Integration: Pressure to Move Toward the Average Between Liberal
and Social Democracy
Sweden moving slowly to liberal democracy, very against it but knows they have
to return to it, GB moves back and forth very quickly because less stability in
Prime Minister, Sweden a part of the European Union, EU as an international
organization is trying to organize labor, environment, social security etc
...
Increasing Political Fragmentation & Volatility – More or Less Change
Becoming much more complex, social democracy isn’t the majority anymore, left
wing block that has 42% moderate right wing 42% then radical right wing that
has 16% that’s just a wild card, Swedish social democracy has an unpredictable
future, EU is pushing them away but population is pushing for social democracy,
economy is okay with social democracy but the political side isn’t

Politically costly to cut benefits, crisis was too deep nothing could help, limited scaling back was
economically feasible, highly skilled labor force they can do more in smaller market niches, high
quality everything, position of EU was in the middle of lib/soc Sweden didn’t want to cut back,
social democracy now at like 30% not so much of a majority anymore, much less predictable
and clear for the future, not performing as well, 1945 Winston Churchill out of GB union in
power big leap to social democracy, 1951socialized medicine, 1979 SD doesn’t work Margaret
Thatcher comes in and says were going back to Lib Dem, GB invented economic liberalism

The Struggle over Social Democracy in Britain 3/4
7
...
Leader of Economic Liberalism in 19th Century
Leader of the world in economic and political liberalism, practically invented it,
individual liberties important, supply and demand, leads to preservation of
freedom and a healthy economy, out of self interest GB leading economic
country in the world, preached liberalism to the world “open your markets to us,
GB will do better and own the market” permitted to political liberalism
domestically
b
...
under an umbrella, new issue cleavages and reasons not
to be unified like technology better things to do in advanced society –
individualism is more advanced, hard to collect now
c
...
The Politics of Class in Britain
a
...
,
can push for taking over parts of industry or government
b
...
Britain’s Parliamentary System – Facilitator of Change
a
...
From Parliamentary Sovereignty to Prime Ministerial Predominance
If you’re PM you have a lot of influence, separation of powers not very real at all
c
...
The Advance of British Social Democracy
a) Labor’s Election Victory
Nationalized the strategic leading companies of the economy, those sectors are
so important to the economy and the businesses are so powerful, take over the
property because they are most powerful, British labor movement moved
farther to social democracy and faster than Sweden
b) The Wave of Nationalization after WWII
c) Britain as Welfare State: National Health Service
Big push to welfare state by making National Health Service, universal free
health care for everybody, not individual insurance, govt
...
The Decline of British SD
a) General Factors: Economic Globalization
Will globalization cause all countries to move back to Liberal Democracy? Social
Democracy not usable in markets with such a high amount of globalization,
moving back a result of pressures of liberal economies?
b) Britain’s Special Vulnerability
i
...

The Growing Costs of Empire- and its Dissolution
Naval power, tried to promote trade, built an empire, used to control
little area pretty big profit 1713, by 1850 took over so much land, 1914
took over so so much all of Canada Australia and India too much land
too hard to take over, empire costs more to run than it makes profit
c) Socio-Political Difficulties in the 1970s
i
...
Country Interests


RECAP: 1960s and 1970s social conflicts, made worse by fragmented trade unions, no over all
trade union could save them, pushing for own individual benefits, more industrial conflict,
inflation pressures

Britain’s Move from Social to Liberal Democracy 2/8/16
10
...
From Conservativism to Economic Liberalism
Social democracy doesn’t work, wants to bring back liberal democracy and
economy, undoes movement of 30 years, GB is too close to a social democracy
we need to move to economic liberalism to get us out of this economic rut, iron
lady she was tough, committed and pushed, institutionally speaking conservative
party preserved didn’t undo, couldn’t take away welfare, pragmatic not
ideological, neoliberalism
b
...
Cut State Intervention
State intervention makes the economy weak, state owned part of the
economy, makes it less dynamic, private business is much smarter than
state at running a business, less economic regulations
ii
...
Shrink Welfare State
Neoliberalism says welfare makes people lazy, saps energy and
dynamism, diminish unemployment benefits, cut cut cut, not as
successful because her policy program drove up unemployment
originally, had to spend more money to fix that problem didn’t want to
do that, her economic adjustment made it harder for her to cut social
spending, NHS was too popular she didn’t dare to confront it, we just
wont fund NHS and let it dry out financially, limit funding while medical
costs go through roof, people discontent about the system because its
worse, oh that gives me a reason to reform it
iv
...
Institutional Preconditions: Thatcher vs
...
Thatcher’s Accomplishments and Limitations
i
...
Social and Regional Inequality
Confronting trade unions, cut of social programs, increased social
inequality, in Britain regional too: England did well but other parts of the
country not so much, Scotland took a hit, Celtic fringe didn’t do well
iii
...
Political Liberalism
Political wants check and balances limitations and inefficiency over abuse
of power, but in economic you want concentrated power
11
...
From Social Democracy to the Third Way
Tried to reverse what Margaret Thatcher did, didn’t happen, accept old welfare
state isn’t viable anymore, reform labor party, diminished the role of party
activist, labor party changed from tightly organized to looser assemblage of
voters, this is the third way and new labor, central bank independent, powerful
and popular
b
...
Economic Prudence
Won’t reverse what Margaret Thatcher did, instead embrace market
system, embrace this economy, made central bank independent, keeps
inflation low, wanted to increase social spending
ii
...
Blair’s Loss of Support: Aligning with “W” (Iraq)
Lost support for alliance with Bush in Iraq, his party unhappy with him,
resigned


Britain Moves from Social Democracy to Liberal Democracy II 3/9/16
12
...
Moving to the Center for the Election
b
...
Budget Austerity – Further Social Program Cuts
Cut social spending, income support, family benefits, tried to reduce role
of state in economy and society, cut social programs and money going to
it
ii
...
New Constraints on British Politics
a
...
European Integration – Inescapable or Brexit
More and more decisions in economic regulation etc
...
Regional Devolution – or National Dissolution
Used to be unified under national government, unitary state, now its
heterogeneous, let Britain to enact devolution, give power to regional
governments
POLITICS IN RUSSIA/SOVIET UNION – I 3/21
Introduction
1
...
Classification of Regime Types
Handout A Classification of Regime Types
A
...
Marx’s Vision of Direct Democracy in a Classless, Conflict-Free Society
Held Ch
...


3
...


5
...
Empirical) Consent
What if you have a lot of people against you? Lenin ran for elections said have
election go forward like democracy, Lenin only won 25% of vote, oh no the problem
is with the people, the people are stricken with false consciousness they didn’t know
to vote for me so I have the right to rule AND reteach them, invoked imputed
consent, US accepts legitimacy of individual expression of preference that’s why we
count votes, Lenin said I know better, they don’t understand what’s going on bcs I
know scientific socialism, Marxism is the science of society and history, I know it,
since I have scientific knowledge I know socialism is better than capitalism therefore
I have the right to rule, if you don’t see the truth that’s your problem not mine, you
watch too much TV you don’t know what’s good for society I know where were
going, therefore I invoke imputed consent, I have the obligation to govern because I
know what’s good for the people so I will reeducate you, your ideas are not inline
with the laws of historical progress, then you can see your own objective interests,
p
...
Totalitarianism
Vanguard needs all the power, unrestricted reach of power, all of this is guided by an
ideology (scientific socialism) that legitimated them, totalitarianism is by nature
mobilizational (invading the private sphere)

RECAP: to achieve this total transformation a lot of hurt people along the way, paradox of
Marx’s system of democracy is free development abolition of conflict everyone is happy, in K
article the idea to abolish conflict is dangerous and problematic what after revolution there’s
still conflict? No abuse of power but what if there’s decent? Those that conflict are illegitimate
the defenders of the old order must be suppressed based on the ideas that the communist
vanguard claim of scientific knowledge they have the right and obligation to impose their vision
on the people, when disagreement between people and government it’s a problem for the
people- they’re backwards with false consciousness, need of reeducation and transformation so
the communist needed full power, total concentration of power, unrestricted reach of power,
no private sphere, all guided by an ideology of this vanguard that they have scientific socialism,
propaganda and force people to contribute (mobilization) you have to help in the construction
of socialism, Cuba also has a totalitarian system, ambitious goals, vanguard is the group of
people that have the ideology of societal development, scientific view, self appointed group

POLITICS IN RUSSIA AND THE PORMER USSR – II 3/23
B
...
The Russian Revolution – a Marxist Revolution?
Jone: less clearly expressed the different position on the argument p
...
Preconditions of Revolution in Marx’s Theory
Marx thought revolution would happen in late capitalism, in the most
advanced countries when capitalism has run its course, preconditions: need
low industrial production and capitalism develops the country into uneven
distribution of wealth, absence of scarcity is the precondition for a conflict
free society so social structure will develop, Marx said over time the social
structure will be gradually simplified, the top business people will fall into
middle class, you need socialism, which means get rid of private property of
production from small farms to factories, no artisans own their shops, no big
businesses own their factories, proletariat doesn’t care if they don’t own
things well 95% of the pop is proletariat, proletariat says well even better if I
don’t own this wheelbarrow bcs that means I don’t have to buy a new one
when it breaks, Marx says all we have to do is give capitalism a little push
ii
...
Lenin’s Leadership Role
i
...
The Role of the Communist “Vanguard”
Make other people that were not in the working class still for socialism,
made the revolution by a small vanguard power using a military kind of
assault, grabbed power with military means, large parts of pop were against
or at least not in favor of it and anyone that favored it was under a false
impression of what they would receive from vanguard rule, didn’t respect
peoples freedoms, how to gain support: force people into my army, brutal
power to survive a civil war, force grain over so that he’s the only socialist
power, moved into desperatism, Vanguard stayed in power because
controlled trade lines but division and civil war all over Russia, many

countries tried to intervene no one could give the KO blow, used any means
they could to stay in power
iii
...
Stalin’s “Revolution from Above”
i
...
Stalin’s Ambitious Measures and their Repercussions
decrease collectivization of agriculture, land given for state productive
arrangements, peasants pissed wanted to keep their land Lenin promised it
to us, took with with fore and coercion, wiped them out, part of the bread
basket of the world, forceful collectivization of agriculture was done in such a
violent way 5 million farmers died of starvation, literally wanted to destroy
them, tremendous human cost, many escaped to cities and other parts of
water
iii
...
The Economic System of the USSR
1
...
Market
Economy
Soviets want public ownership and central planning, who makes the decisions and
decides what’s being produced? The communist vanguard, what would be produced
and what would be available, acted on its ideology, socialist economy strengthen
this country make it a developed industrial place so we need heavy industry, steal
coal etc
...
The Many Inherent Problems of the CCE
Soviets would need a ton of information to be able to coordinate all of this, no
computers, you’ll make mistakes here and there, if you calculated wrong you wont
make enough steel to make the quota for trucks, bottlenecks stuff is limited,
companies will hoard largest amounts they can to reach their quota which increases
scarcity, if you’re under quota you’ll use illegal tactics to get what you need, outside
permitted activities so messes up the system even more, if products travel through
the black market the CCE can’t keep proper track of the quantities of productions,
hard to give incentives; especially incentive to lie, central office has a hard time
monitoring these things, focusses on quantity not quality, prescribing production
quotas makes strong incentive for owners to keep doing things the way they are bcs
if they change things up and I can’t get it to work I’ll be in trouble when I don’t reach
quota, innovation is too risky, strong incentive to stay in old ways and not innovate
3
...
The USSR’s Achilles Heel: Agriculture
Breadbasket got destroyed by Stalin’s collectivism, can’t feed its own people, huge
countryside can’t monitor what’s going on in agriculture
5
...
The Social System of the USSR
1
...
Comprehensive Social Protection
Health care coverage, education, central planned economy could avoid
unemployment, no one falls into poverty, put everyone on the pay roll, sense of
security
3
...
The Political Creation of a New Elite
Abolished Old Elite, allegedly for the sake of equality, soon recreated inequality in a
weird way, this vanguard is self appointed leadership group that claim to know the
laws of socialism, concentrated political power, used it to get for themselves
economic advantages and benefits
5
...
communism through vanguard lead to the
recreation of inequality in a much more concentrated way, economic elite shouldn’t
be political elite, biggest paradox elites have benefits, got access to western
consumer goods, imports from the west, communist elites were drinking café lattes
and eating mangos not potatoes, didn’t want to produce but wanted access to
capitalist recourses

RECAP: Covering whole course, theories in US, Sweden and G Britain, Russia, 1930s 40s Soviet
system produced higher growth rates Stalin pressure to grow heavy industry, centrally planned
economy had a lot of problems,

THE DEMISE OF THE SOVIET UNION 3/30
A) Gorbachev’s Reforms and their Unexpected Consequences
1
...
The Challenge from the West
Quality more important in the world than quality, but Russia not doing
that with central planned economy, 1940s 50s were catching up we’ll be
ahead but not true were falling behind gap was increasing that
threatened goals of SU, thought there system would be superior to the
west, how can you maintain your ideology when you’re falling behind?
Threat to SU power, super power status had nuclear power as powerful
as the west, Russians produced tanks west produced missiles, my missiles
can blow up your tanks, needed to turn around the old people
movement, hired Gorbachev young for general secretary
ii
...
An Overview of Gorbachev’s Reform Measures
i
...

Tried to loosen the rigid central command economy, quotas, 5-year
plans, one bottleneck whole chain gets messed up, people cheat lie
hoard, loosen up so that bottle necking shouldn’t happen or people don’t
need to cheat lie or hoard to reach quota, give incentives, work around
the bottlenecks, economic change not designed to introduce a market
system, a little more incentive and reward
ii
...
Shifting Power from the Communist Party to the State
Diminish role of Comm
...
Party
had monopoly of seats in the state, most important person not the
president or prime minister of SU, the Party was in control, so advanced
and so enlightened right to run the state, G slowly scaled back on this and
moved political power away from the party and to the public institutions
of the state, self appointed president of the SU strengthened president
roles, the party taking more of a back seat, G allowed other parties to rise
in state seats, limited small steps to open up the system, didn’t want
democracy, party wanted to open up as little as possible, party has
monopoly total control 60 years not easily giving it up change is a
theoretical thing we aren’t really going to do that,
3
...
The Dilemma of Top-Down Liberalization: Too Fast for Some, Too Slow
for Others…
G allowed from free press and criticism, people will be so happy I allow
them to speak out they’ll say good things about me, said G was okay but
we want more change we want a political democracy we want to be like
the west, some support but not enough, lot of criticism and pressure,
comm
...
Negative Repercussions of Liberalization: Conflict
Had to zig zag between sectors, lost control over the process,
liberalization was designed to lead to constructive contributions,
motivate people to work harder, thought it would make him more
popular, some element going on, opened up for opposition and conflict
too though, nationality conflicts the worse, not homogeneous,
multiethnic empire, got ethnic demands, all the small conquered lands
and people said we were conquered under Stalin we want to get out of
this place, China under tsars we want to get out of this, Marx said conflict
only with politics and economy, thought nationalism wasn’t very
important, class important not cultures, G had nothing to work with,
identity issues, wanted sovereignty, demands for independence
iii
...
Yeltsin’s Success as Destroyer—and Limited Success as Rebuilder
Gradualism didn’t work well, we need fundamental shift, communist system isn’t
viable through it out, took political risk, ended up destroying the country, but not as
easy to rebuild, bad at bringing back a functioning democracy and market system
2
...
Opening the Door for Yeltsin: The Failed Coup of 1991
Old guard communist, G was losing control, opened up the political
system, more reform than the communist wanted, maid a coup against

G, no popular support for the coup, limited number of people protested
against the coup, leader of that resistance was Yeltsin, one presidency of
Russia in a democratic way, coup collapsed, gets legitimacy, G was only
reinstituted because Yeltsin,
ii
...
A Rocky Transition to Democracy
People have money so high demand but no goods, the economy will do
worse but as businesses grow the economy is going to be prosperous,
thought he had enough political support that they would get through the
rough spot, prices go way way way up, inflation, people not that happy,
products unaffordable for many, 35% economy went down by Yeltsin, not
that easy, sell out own country, voucher privatization for a small fee you
gave them a piece of paper to use when public enterprises get sold off
you can invest that in, artificial distribution of money, selling off the
economy, many people thought how will I invest this piece of paper?,
smart people paid cash for vouchers, meant to spread ownership but
concentration of savvy people bought big chunks of the economy, didn’t
go over well, no spreading of ownership you had quick creation of newly
rich people, also inside dealing that, people used political power as
managers of state enterprises to entrench themselves
3
...
Crony Capitalism
Few new rich people dominate a new economy, serious decline in the
Russian economy
ii
...
Hyper-presidential Institutions and Weak Leadership
Yeltsin blow up parliament, transition to democracy? Defeated
parliament communist, new constitution that increased presidential
powers, outlawed communist party, Yeltsin still arbitrary leader? Had a
lot of political attitude and power, opposition had little capacity to
control, acted unpredictably
iv
...
A Radical Transformation without Large-Scale Violence
Amazing that they went through without large scale violence
vi
...
The Importance of Proximity to “the West”
a
...
The appeal of Integration with the West
Domestic factors that countries closer to the West make them better set for
economic and democratic prosperity, 1
...
Cultural background has an
effect on your chance of democracy, western Christianity like Catholicism, 3
...

Historical experience, drawing lessons from the past, 5
...
The West (Baltic Countries): Back to “Europe”
Moved quickly to market oriented economy, always more developed than the rest of
the Soviet Union, wanted to go back to how they were before Stalin took over them,
3
...
Nat’l Independence: Safeguard against Democracy & Market
The established communist leaders of the region said how will I save my political
power if I’m part of the Soviet Union ill be swept away by the wave of
Westernization the card I can pull is nationalism, save myself from the wave of
liberalization and democratization, if I make the country separate cut off from
former Soviet Union make into nationalist who declared national independence
to protect themselves from political reform to protect their personal power, trick
of communist leaders to become nationalist to go against reform efforts starting
in Moscow, safeguard against democracy and the market, benefits to wave taxes
etc
...
Ukraine: Authoritarian Cronyism
Rulers got benefits like waving taxes
c
...
Renewed Democratization? The “Color Revolutions”
a
...
Mixed Outcomes- In Short & Medium Run
new governments say we will be democratic then the new leaders say its kind of
cool to get reelected so they must like me I think I’ll just stay here, even with
short term success new government even turn
c
...
Renewed Protest? Ukraine 2014 & Russian Reaction
New round of protests, scared Putin because Russia twice next door I’m in
danger of staying in power, Ukraine is a beacon of light, I need to make Ukraine
miserable so Russians don’t want to become democratic, tries to capture
Ukraine, strengthened his leadership, didn’t bring much democratization to
those parts of the union, disappointing move towards democracy

RECAP: countries towards west do much better overall in terms of having a democracy with fair
elections and competition and accountability and responsiveness, a good incentive to become
independent from Soviet Union thought would get hit by wave, communist bosses turned into
nationalist to block efforts of liberalization coming from Moscow I’m now an independent
country, where I can stay in power, govern in cahoots with their cronies, held elections as
façade, opposition didn’t have a realistic chance of winning, playing field skewed, brought
supporters to protest from the government stealing the elections, the opposition insisted on
the formality of these elections, on a few occasions they pull it off and manage to evict the
incumbent, but in retrospect not much change, post electoral, Russia has a lot of economic
potential, has a bunch of nukes now, pretty important politically by now

THE QUEST FOR ORDER IN PUTIN’S RUSSIA: THE SLIDE INTO AUTHORITARIAN RULE 4/8
1
...
Exhaustion after 15 Years of Dramatic Transformation
1985-1999, under Gorbachev and Yeltsin lots of change, 1991 communist party
outlawed, chaotic political system, moving in a rocky way to something like
democracy but profound political transformation, 1995 one country that was a
super power, 2000 fallen apart Russia lost these conquests shrunk considerably,
lost superpower status, tough transition for a country to swallow, by turn of the

millennium lets go back to order and stability, went through a lot of change,
many people want to be able to plan their life, people don’t know what kind of
system they are living in, want to settle, 2000 people exhausted, something
clearly didn’t work
b
...
Dispersal of Power, in Various Directions
Russia has 89 different units equivalent states, president is really in command
centralized country but with Yeltsin power had dispersed and defused into the
country, regions becoming more and more independent, grabbed power, kind of
like when Soviet Union fell apart, Moscow is losing control, regions thinking
about just disregarding federal law, crony rich, controlled newspapers, billionaire
in 5 years, then I bought out all the media, why don’t I become president and
just take power, crony capitalists were like oligarchs, sick and tired wanted
stability
2
...
Steady Presidential Leadership
Stabilized power, filled big roll constitution sees, followed the quest for order,
I’m steady and systematic enough to provide predictable leadership and take
power away from the different regions it seeped too and concentrate power and
build a political block, and influential center, the way the constitution sees it and
the way the people want, did this by getting rid of democracy, did it in a nondemocratic way, don’t drink don’t get sick actually work and use my power to
chip away from others, don’t use force of coercion but hand out goodies to keep
people tied to you, crucial to use steady leadership, just put two and two
together, all you have to do is put in a 10 hr day and use what the constitution
gives you the power to do
b
...
Subordinating the Regional Leaders

d
...


f
...


Regional leaders don’t want to listen to Putin, Putin presented 7 presidential
regional leaders to cover 89 leaders, rewarded them with goodies, cut them off if
not, cracked down on regions that didn’t, weakened upper house of parliament
by abolishing elections and appointing the next set of regional leaders, Putin had
them under control, Putin in the saddle, could manipulate his regional elections
too, took away power form the regions and centralized it back in Moscow
Coopting or Intimidating the Crony Capitalists
Big business people why don’t I become opposition of Putin, Putin put them in
their place, you’re all corrupt, rich because of political ties, want to remain rich
and free you better be on my side, 2003 put the opposition in prison, you didn’t
pay your taxes – you’re locked up, sent a message, I can say Putin lets be friends
you allow me to keep my money and I won’t run, many Russian oligarchs fled the
country to London, don’t want to have a falling out with Putin, occasionally they
kill to set an example, murdered right outside the Kremlin, “Russian police didn’t
have control over that place”
Moving away from “Democracy”
Political hegemony by buying people, dark side because political opposition has
had a hard time, even the good guys get their computers hacked into, harassed,
hold elections in Bastrop for Austin, Russia under Putin moved farther from
democracy, reversed what Gorbachev and Yeltsin did
Additional Impulse: Backlash against “Color Revolutions”
Reason he wanted to move from democracy, color revolutions, playing field
uneven, in post electoral protests there could be something like that in Russia
too what I need to do is tighten restrains on the opposition even more, reinforce
the hegemony of the government even more, color revolutions were even more
reason for Putin to crack down on democracy
The Concept of Authoritarian Rule (vs
...
Power was seeping to regional leaders, Putin said
yeah that’s funny, supervisors watch and control what they do, 2004 abolished regional
elections: centralized power and Putin appointed who would be regional leaders, had trouble
with crony capitalist who thought they could take their economic success into the political
sphere, you didn’t get rich because you’re great and smart you got rich because of the people
in government, you now can support me and become my patronage network or ill lock you up
or push you into exile if you think you’re going to take over my position, I am politics, filled in
the space with institutional mechanisms, authoritarian regime came back, skewed playing field
in the elections, harassing the competition, bought votes, opposition doesn’t have a chance,
not a democracy, as long as you don’t challenge me you’ll be really happy, get as rich as you
want, let the government run the show, have your own social life, totalitarian à looking like a
democracy à authoritarian regime

PUTIN’S RUSSIA: THE QUEST FOR ORDER – II 4/11/16
3
...
The Slowdown of Marketization
To hand out that much patronage and buy off regional leaders, business groups,
and politicians, need a big goodie bag, no emergence of a normally functioning
market economy, state becoming more important again, state had a big pot of
resources, made property rights in agriculture more secure, allow people to sell
land, privatizing social security steps, further marketization doesn’t benefit me,
keep the state’s fingers on more economic resources so I can keep buying
political support
b
...
Russia as a Rentier State: Boom and Bust
Gets more money because price of oil goes up, you didn’t do anything better, the
price of your commodity goes up, it just comes to you you didn’t make any more
effort, just got lucky
d
...
Political Continuity by any Means?
a
...
Electoral Victories on a Skewed Playing Field
How did they do this? They had broad control and big patronage networks,
getting hand outs from two people, skewed the playing field so much that you
control the outcomes, elections highly democratic but not democratic because
you have such a high opportunity that the government will win
c
...
Foreign Relations: Reconstituting an (Informal) Empire?
a
...
Authoritative Friends, Color Revolutionaries as Enemies
Ukraine had new democratic leadership didn’t work to well, crony re-won
election in Ukraine in super nondemocratic way, $50K salary but lived in a
palace, protests again in Ukraine booted him out, but he was a friend of Putin,
Putin wanted this guy to keep Ukraine away from assimilating with the West,
wanted to keep them crony and closer to Russia in the domestic political and

economic system and foreign policy alignment, don’t join NATO, be crony not
free market, when that happens in 2014 Putin gets pissed, conflict with Ukraine,
Eastern part of U wants to be protected (Putin wants to protect Russian speakers
in the East of U) Putin got in an international fight supporting a Ukrainian civil
war, Putin made Ukrainian rebels dependent on Russia, Georgia went through
color revolution through out last SU leader that was a friend of Russia 2003 new
leader took power and Putin was v hostile to that guy and Putin supported three
separatists movements in Georgia, v tiny country, put so much pressure on the
country to make the life of the new president miserable, hostile to leaders
against authoritarian regimes, that wanted to be independent and linked to the
West
c
...
State Sovereignty vs
...
West Sanctions: Economic Cooperation vs
...
Problems of Economics, Social & Political Development
Authoritarian rule that was institutionalized, not just personalist dictatorship, more
stable in the saddle, low resources, high unemployment, low infrastructure, low literacy,
high birth rate, high infant mortality, bad health care, deficient education, corruption,
crime, (un)rule of law, instability of government, COMMON THEME IS WEAK
INSTITUTIONAL STABABILITY
2
...
Capital-Intensive (not Labor-Intensive Technology)
Thought the key to development was industrialization, industrialization is capital
intensive, costs and makes a lot of money but not many jobs in an advanced
factory
b
...
Political repercussions of Development Problems: Does “Underdevelopment” Impede
Democracy?
a
...
Cultural Bases of Authoritarian Rule?
Habits and customs prevail, deference to elites, lot of debate, scholars for
centuries tried to figure out if religion effects likelihood of democracy
c
...
But: Does Socioeconomic Development Erode Authoritarian Rule?
This could lead to the development of democracy because people become more
educated affluent and demand participation in politics, authoritarian rule does
not want mobilization and participation so if development make people more
eager for petrification and voice will this lead to democracy

RECAP: underdevelopment democracy isn’t their first priority, get people food then worry
about fair elections, how can you change your culture to democratic

MEXICO: THE EMERGENCE OF STABLE AUTHORITARIAN RULE 4/15
1
...
Undemocratic Legacies
Imposed order or civil war, one fighting force with military coercion or civil war,
personal dictator
b
...
S
...
The Mexican Revolution: Why No Communism in Mexico?
a
...
The Fragmentation and Weakness of Radical Forces
Radical forces more fragmented

c
...
The Establishment of Authoritarian Rule
a
...
Cardenas: Incorporation of the Masses
Powerful mediator, make agreements, run your part, then we’ll have peace,
were about to all die of civil war, elite political party, not mobilizing people
c
...
Consolidated Authoritarian Rule in Mexico (1940-1985)
a
...
An Institutionalized Party as Cornerstone
Institutionalization of authoritarian regime, personal leadership had to be under
control, demanded no self perpetuation of power, Mexico is committed to no
reelection, important in 1940, Cardenas mobilized millions of workers and gave

them benefits he realized the Mexican dream in state owned oil companies, big
bureaucratic apparatus
c
...
Clientelism: The Distribution of Patronage
Kept masses integrated in the regime, captured the masses through one round
of big reforms under Cardenas, join us in government controlled peasant leagues
and trade unions, kept distributing little goodies gifts and benefits from the top
down through a pyramid structure, small scale benefits distributed by
discretionary way of distribution not a program for all farmers or peasants, to
individuals, state to regional to friends to neighborhoods to individual citizens
and voters, its discretionary, it’s a favor not a right, keeping people loyal to you,
conditional, accounts for the long standing stability of the regime, the oil that
greases the wheels
2
...
Elite Control and Rapid Economic Development
Had a lot of power at the macro level, determined where the country would go,
thought Mexico was poor and backwards, general diagnosis was
underdevelopment needed industrialization to advance country, industrialization
was the key, Russia was the model à backwards to industry in brutal ways but
they achieved it, concentrate resources on industry, strengthen business and
entrepreneurship, weaken consumer goods, elite control came in handy to push
forward rapid economic development, democracy takes a back seat, you want
economic growth, invest recourses in growth like building factories, wages and
freedom get taken care of later on
b
...
Neglect of Agriculture à Rapid Urbanization
If you focus on industry, you’re only looking at urban areas, squeeze agriculture
through price controls, give them low wages which makes them go broke and
have to go to industrial jobs, didn’t collectivize agriculture, not as brutal, similar
priorities as Russia though, no investment or support, deliberately low prices
d
...
went to the city looking for jobs but didn’t find them in
the formal sector, left in the streets making money any way they can
e
...
Modernization Challenges to Authoritarian Rule
a
...
Response: Concede Social Benefits, not Political Power
Regime said ooo what are we going to do? What’s the risk to offer democracy?
Why would we wanna do that we wanna stay in power, not just cosmetic
changes, want justice and equality? We’ll revive social reform programs for
peasants and workers, health and education, not political openness just more
social measures and benefits, we’ll tie people into our political party and control
network by offering something they need, social measures as a regime, fight for
the peasants and workers, rationally calculated move, no radical reform but
strengthened their political hold on 80% of the population
c
...
3 found protective democracy, liberalism says
state can abuse its power we need liberal safeguards and checks and balances,
embraced protective democracy, reconsolidated by moving to the left
emphasizing nationalism, 1970s oil money in markets borrow money external
debt we can use for our domestic measures, did it on credit, sooner or later we’ll
pay this back, debt went through the roof though, US increased interests rates
and Mexico was $100 billion in debt to US, had to readjust and move to the left,
bought them political peace for a couple of years, but debt blew up right in their
face, whole country goes into bankruptcy, need to export more import less,
repay international principle, buy less from the world
2
...
Economic Crisis and Effort at Adjustment
Economic imperative have to adjust the economy big time, limit imports by
imposing domestic recession, export more, Mexican development model was
nationalist, it was state led, not that efficient, domestic industry not competitive
on a global standard, not not competitive in international trade, if you want to
import things from Mexico it was too expensive for shitty quality, have to open
economy to foreign business to make domestic Mexican economy more efficient
and higher quality, international trade and investment rises the quality and
lowers the price makes domestic have to be more competitive, liberalize the
economy to make everyone more competitive and efficient, free market
economics (Thatcher, Reagan, MEXICO) neoliberalism is a thing, painful in social
economic and political terms, impose posterity, many businesses have to go
bankrupt they cant hang, short term pain for long term gain, no problem in an

authoritarian regime
b
...
The Intra Elite Split and the PRI Near Defeat
Elite split, economic nationalism to economic liberalism, dramatic movement,
strict posterity, one entire sector said we aren’t going to go this way, were
committed to protectionism, party split at the very top, leader who split off
moved to economic nationalism social distribution, wanted to promise
democracy created the party of the democratic revolution (PRD) leader was son
of Cardenas, free politician I’m going to break off of the establish party, PRI stole
election, won with 40% used to be 70%, authoritarian party was almost finished
3
...
A New Market System with Episodes of Crisis
Since was an aging party had sort of bad leaders, but with 60% of the vote you
can be lazy, but when its more competitive they changed their structure became
more dynamic responded to the challenges by improving their political
competitiveness, economic crisis was coming, waited too long to fix the problem
wanted to wait until after the election to make a rash decision, waited too late
made crisis worse stray that broke the camels back, PRI political decay in long
ruling party
b
...
authoritarian party) achieved temporary consolidation, done with the
short term pain, economic stability and new growth in the 1990s, hard times
were suddenly over, PRI new social programs went to people at the bottom you
have pressing needs, remain loyal to Cardenas and you’ll starve to death, PRI has
the money and recourses we can solve your pressing needs, PRI got 60% of the
vote again, patronage, you cant afford being in the opposition, you have to
accept our goodies and give us your loyalty, reconsolidated control
c
...
Explaining Mexico’s Democratization

a
...
Economic Crisis and Market Reform
Digging own grave because squeezed agriculture and created capital intensive
jobs, eroded the regime, not that brutal, tried through patronage to buy loyalty,
linked business people to themselves, handed out goodies as favor, big
clientelism required a lot of state intervention in the economy, many resources
at their disposal, discretionary support in subsidy programs, privatizing public
enterprises, giving up control of economic resources, less discretion over hand
outs, economic crisis caused the market reform, weakened authoritarian
regimes ability to control economic resources to buy political support, political
decision: state controlled model or market oriented modal for the economy?
Underlay Mexico’s move to marketization
c
...
The Rise of the PAN (Partido Accion Nacional)
a
...
Victory in 2000: The Role of Democracy
Surprisingly, PRI thought they were so well positioned for the election, PRD
àPRIàPAN, in the middle of the left and right wingers were Gucci, 2000 wasn’t
fought on left right ideological issues: retain authoritarian rule or you want to
move to democracy, PRD and PAN were on the same side really, strategic voting,
which party will have a higher chance of beating the PRI? If we all want
democracy we have to put all our eggs in one basket so we don’t end up 33%
33% 33%, priority was beat authoritarian rule, left supported the right, PAN
leader had more ideas for the future PRD was more concerned with how bad the
past was
6
...
Opposite Party in Gov’t + Party Fragmentation
Fox elected for presidential election, when became president his party didn’t
have a majority in congress, party fragmentation in office, couldn’t support
president’s initiative on its own, no party had majority, PRI won president, party
fragmentation in Congress didn’t get much done, his own party had a hard time
governing, you have to be willing to compromise and buy loyalties, PAN too strict
clean moral couldn’t even work, PAN half opposition half working party
b
...
Political Liberalism vs
...
Disappointment with the Government and Democracy?
Disappointment with government, disappointment in democracy

RECAP: President by constitution is not very strong, authoritarian party supplied the command
and control, no party with majority in congress and presidency, now the letter of the
constitution really matters, what does the constitution really say the president can do? Second
place guy has 0
...
The Challenge of Large-Scale Violence
a
...
Calderon: Declaring War on Drugs & Crime
Crime in Mexico intertwined with drug trafficking, cocaine made in Columbia
used in US, cocaine has to go through Mexico, president wants to end drug
trafficking, declared war on drugs, homicide rate went up, drug traffickers fight
back and are heavily armed, kill police and common people who get caught in
the cross fire, Mexican police in trouble for human rights violations – many
people just disappeared
b
...
US Contributions Buying Drugs, Selling Arms
Americans buy a bunch of drugs, we’ll pay you good money, subsidizing drug
trafficking, source of most of the fire arms that drug traffickers use 80-90% come
from the US, subsidizes violence by paying money for the drugs and supplying
arms to drug traffickers, mayors and drug traffickers in cahoots, once you have
command over an area you can make as many rules as you want, pay me or I’ll
blow you away, live in fear, mayors and drug traffickers connected by journalists
next day journalists are kidnapped and mayor is shot dead
2
...
Declining resources (Oil) & New Competition
Big time oil producer and exporter, owned by state, expropriated companies, oil
can run out have to go find new oil, state hasn’t done much to find new
resources when the old ones are drying out, plummeting because state isn’t
exploring new regions for oil, state wants to buy loyalty, patronage, fill
companies with cronies, employment way to high hire your friends and family
into positions they aren’t good for, state ownership should be privatized with
foreign investment, further advancement, export oriented industries, since
NAFTA exports from Mexico to US have gone up successfully, but the sectors
they export are comparatively less advanced than the competition from China,
no president had a majority in congress to hard to enact change
b
...
Return of the PRI: Risk or (Last) Opportunity?
a
...
Pena Nieto’s Party Pact & Reform Efforts
Energy sector reform important to increase productivity and economic
prosperity without selling out big companies to foreign control, education



reform to limit the power of the teacher’s union and make sure that quality of
instruction went up, can a teacher even really read or write? Reforms of banking
center tax reforms etc
...
How to Deal with Drug Trafficking & Crime?
Nieto decided that this war on drugs and crime is not a winning proposition,
can’t take it head on, many worried he would go back to PRI ways of dealing with
drug trafficking in the authoritarian regime, they had an informal pact, if you
don’t create that much violence and stay low key we won’t bother you, Nieto
tried to diminish the salience of the issue, didn’t make a big deal about fighting
it, blew up in his face because number of massacres 43 student abducted and
killed and no one knows by who because he shifted attention away from the war
on drugs so no one was paying attention it wasn’t in the news so no one really
knew about it but it didn’t stop it from going on, government tried to cover it up,
so much collusion between military police, politicians and drug cartel, someone
in government is connected and involved in this issue so lets not make a big deal
of it, informal deal not easy when US is watching you now, drawing media
attention from it doesn’t work either it still happens people just don’t know
about it, states can’t win war on drugs, deep penalizations and legalization,
decriminalize less bad drugs to keep that crime down and focus on the worse
problem
d

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