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Animal nutrition

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Simple carbohydrates are your sugars whereas complex carbohydrates consist of
starch and dietary fibre
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Proteins: protein in foods are broken down into amino acids by the digestive system
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The main source of protein are
animal products like meat, eggs, legumes, milk and seeds
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Fat: fat in food can be either saturated or unsaturated Animal-based foods such as
meats and milk products are higher in saturated fat whereas most vegetable oils are
higher in unsaturated fat
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Vitamins: Vitamins help to regulate chemical reactions in the body
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Because most vitamins
cannot be made in the body, we must obtain them through the diet
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Minerals: Minerals are components of foods that are involved in many body
functions
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Like vitamins,
minerals are not a source of energy and are best obtained through a varied diet
rather than supplements
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Water: Water is a vital nutrient for good health
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Water helps to control our body temperature, carries nutrients
and waste products from our cells, and is needed for our cells to function
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These nutrients include fats
and carbohydrates that provide energy, proteins that furnish amino acids, vitamins that
serve as co-factors for enzymes and perform other functions, ions required for water
balance and for nerve and muscle function, and selected elements that are incorporated
into certain molecules synthesized by cells
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Single stomached animals cannot digest large amounts of fibre, and their diet mostly
consists of cereal grains
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Carbohydrates are also building blocks for other nutrition’s and
dietary excess stored as fat
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All monogastric animals need to be provided with good source of protein and
amino acids from the diet
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Pigs need water, amino acids and fatty
acids, macro and micro minerals and vitamins
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Non-essential amino acids can be synthesized in sufficient amounts by pigs; but must be

given sufficient nitrogen intake to be able to synthesize non-essential amino acids
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These can only be provided with special, purified diets
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Fats are a source of energy, heat, insulation and body protection; it can be sourced from
natural oils that can come from plants
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This is the main source of essential amino acids
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There are two sources of minerals; major minerals and minor minerals
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The motility of the stomach is necessary to mix the digesta with the gastric juices and to
move the digesta into the small intestine
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The duodenum is the site for the mixing of digesta with
intestinal, liver and pancreatic secretions
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The caecum and colon (hind gut) retrieve any nutrients, primarily water and
electrolytes, remaining in the digesta as it leaves the small intestine
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Anaerobic fermentation of fibre in the
caecum and colon produces some utilizable energy in the form of volatile fatty acids
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Ruminant (multi-stomached) animals include cattle, sheep, goats and deer’s
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They can eat large amounts
of fibre, and their diet consists mostly of roughage
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Water is
the most important nutrition for both monogastric and ruminant animals
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An example of a ruminant animal is a cow
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Comprising 50-80% of a cow's body, depending on age, and
essential for all cellular functions as well as milk production, the transport of nutrients and
excretion of waste products, water is the single most important dairy nutrient
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Protein is essential to every aspect of body
maintenance, reproduction and milk production in cows
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Ruminant protein requirements and feed protein supplies
are generally expressed in terms of Crude Protein which includes non-protein nitrogen as
well as true protein
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They are provided in different quantities are
supplied in a range of feed supplements
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Fresh forages are good sources of fat soluble
vitamins but dried, stored and ensiled forages have little vitamin content remaining so diets
based upon them must generally be supplemented
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When the cow first eats, it chews the food just enough to swallow
it
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When the cow is full from this eating process, it rests
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Saliva is important to the rumen as it functions as a buffer
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The cud then goes to the third and fourth stomachs, the omasum, where the many folds of
the omasum serve to squeeze out the water from the feed, so that the majority of the water
doesn’t ‘escape’ into the rest of the digestive tract and remains in the rumen, and
abomasum, this compartment is similar to our stomachs and has a low pH and enzymes to
digest the proteins in the feed, where it is fully digested
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g
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The nutrients presented to the cow at this point are very different than the feed which
entered the rumen
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