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Improvement in food resources
September 25, 2015

INTRODUCTION
There is a need to introduce production efficiency of crops and livestock because
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No major scope of increasing area of land under cultivation
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Plant breeding:
Types of crops
Based on the climatic conditions required for growth, crops are categorized into three types namely,
Kharif crops, rabi crops and zaid crops
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Kharif crops
include paddy, soya bean, maize, cotton, green gram and black gram
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Rabi crops
include wheat, gram, peas and linseed
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Zaid crops include muskmelon, Watermelon,
vegetables of cucurbitaceae
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Man's first invention
after he learned how to grow plants from seeds was probably a bucket
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Pouring water on
fields is still a common irrigation method today -- but other, more efficient and mechanized
methods are also used
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Flood (furrow) irrigation:
Early man would have used this "low-tech" method of irrigating crops -- collect water in a bucket
and pour it onto the fields
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The
system is called flood irrigation -- water is pumped or brought to the fields and is allowed to flow
along the ground among the crops
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Leveling of fields

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FIITJEE Centre, HSR layout, Bangalore

Improvement in food resources
September 25, 2015

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Surge flooding
Capture and reuse of runoff

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Farmers are using leveling
equipment, some of which is guided by a laser beam, to scrape a field flat before planting
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(Actually, this method of leveling a field is also
used to build flat tennis courts)
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Surge flooding: Traditional flooding involved just releasing water onto a field
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Farmers can capture the runoff in ponds and pump it
back up to the front of the field where it is reused for the next cycle of irrigation
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Drip Irrigation:
For irrigating fruits and vegetables this method is much more efficient than flood irrigation
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Evaporation is cut way down, and up to one-fourth of the water used is
saved, as compared to flood irrigation
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Spray Irrigation:
Spray irrigation is a more modern way of irrigating, but it also requires machinery
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Large scale spray irrigation systems are in use on large farms today
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Water flows through
the tube and is shot out by a system of spray-guns
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They work in the same way
you might water your yard
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Turn the water on, pull it tight, and start
spraying
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The center-pivot systems have a number of metal frames (on rolling wheels) that hold the water
tube out into the fields
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Electric
motors move each frame in a big circle around the field squirting water
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This increase in food
production was due to crop variety improvement, crop production improvement and crop
protection management
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a) Increase in the crop yield
b) Increase in the quality of the crop
c) Development of biotic and Abiotic resistant crops
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e) Development of crops with wider adaptability
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Crop variety improvement can be achieved by the process of selection
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• Hybridization occurs by a cross between two different varieties, which is known as inter-varietal
crossing, or between two different genera, known as inter-generic crossing, or between two
different species, known as inter-specific crossing
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Crop yield is
related to factors like weather, soil fertility, and availability of water etc
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Crop production improvement: It is the protection of crops that are growing or have been
harvested
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Nutrients required by the plant are classified into macronutrients and micronutrients
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Water supplies hydrogen and oxygen
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Deficiency of any one of these diseases makes the plant prone to many diseases
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Macronutrients include
Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium and Sculpture
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Micronutrients
include Iron, Manganese, Boron, Zinc, Copper, Molybdenum and Chlorine
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• Manure is produced naturally by the decomposition of animal excreta and plant waste
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• Compost is prepared by decomposing farm waste, vegetable waste, and domestic and sewage
waste in pits by the process of composting
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• Green manure is provided to the plants by ploughing plants rich in nitrogen and phosphorous
into the soil before sowing seeds
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Hence, chemical fertilizers are being replaced by bio-fertilizers
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They are prepared by using
organisms like blue-green algae
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Improvement in food resources
September 25, 2015

Cropping pattern helps in the production of more grains in a year
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• Mixed cropping is growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land
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• Inter-cropping is growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field with some rows of
one crop alternating with some rows of another, like soybeans and maize
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cereals
alternating with legumes
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Weeds are the unwanted plants competing with the crop plants for food, space and light, and finally
reduce crop growth
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Xanthium
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Use of resistant varieties and summer ploughing also
reduces the growth of weeds
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Most of the time insects are the pests which attack
plants
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They cut leaves
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Pests are controlled by pesticides
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These pathogens are transmitted through soil, water and air
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Storage losses in crops are due to biotic factors like insects, rodents, fungi, mites and bacteria
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Grains should be cleaned and properly dried in the sunlight and shade before storage
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CROPPING PATTERNS:
Mixed Cropping
It is growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land
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This type of cropping leads to an improvement in the fertility of the soil and
hence increase in crop yield because when the two crops are properly chosen, the products and
refuse from one crop help in the growth of the other crop plant and vice-versa
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Some successful mixed cropping practices are:
Soya bean + Pigeon pea

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Improvement in food resources
September 25, 2015

Maize + Black gram
Pigeon pea + Mung dal (Green gram)
Groundnut + Sunflower
Sorghum + Pigeon pea
Wheat + Chickpea
Barley + Chickpea
Wheat + Mustard
Cotton + Groundnut
Mixed cropping has proved successful because of the right selection of crops
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No risk of crop failure
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Increase in yield
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Minimizing Pest Damage
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Row- type intercropping cropping involves the component crops
arranged in alternate rows
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A variation of row cropping is
strip cropping, where multiple rows (or a strip) of one crop are alternated with multiple rows of
another crop
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Selection of crops for mixed cropping and intercropping:
Crops are chosen whose nutrient requirements are different so that maximum utilization of the soil
nutrients takes place
...
Besides the
advantages mentioned for mixed cropping,

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Improvement in food resources
September 25, 2015

Intercropping has the following additional advantages:
Application of pesticides and fertilizers is more convenient due to well defined patterns of crops
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Crop rotation
Is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar types of crops in the same area in sequential
seasons for various benefits such as to avoid the buildup of pathogens and pests that often occurs
when one species is continuously cropped
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A traditional component of crop rotation is the replenishment of nitrogen
through the use of green manure in sequence with cereals and other crops
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Improvement in food resources
September 25, 2015

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Improvement in food resources
September 25, 2015

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Improvement in food resources
September 25, 2015

NEED FOR ANIMAL HUSBANDRY1
To increase milk production
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To increase milk production
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To increase egg production
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To increase meat production
5 To increase fish production
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MILCH ANIMALS-are milk producing animals
DRAUGHT ANIMALS-are used for agriculture work
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FEATURES OF GOOD ANIMAL
SHELTER –
1It should be spacious enough to provide proper space for each animal
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Proper arrangement for the disposal of animal waste
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eg fodder, hay, straw
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eg -oil
seed cake, gram husk
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External parasites live on skin and cause skin disease
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Improvement in food resources
September 25, 2015

POULTRY-is the rearing of domesticated fowl, ducks ,geese, turkey
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It is done for egg production and meat production
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They are fed with high fibre content
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BROILERS- Are the birds raised for meat production
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The following practices are needed to take care of for birdsHygienic conditions in housing
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Protection form diseases-they suffer from diseases caused by virus,bacteria,fungi
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Common management practices in dairy and poultry farmingProper shelter, its hygiene ,temperature
Proper Feed
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Improvement in food resources
September 25, 2015

FISH PRODUCTION
Fish is a natural source of proteins for us
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Shellfish include Unio(Fresh water muscle), lobster, crabs, etc
CAPTURE FISHERY- Done from natural resources both marine & freshwater with the help of
boats &nets
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MARINE FISHERIES:
The practice of rearing & culturing marine fish, ie:- fish found in seas & oceans
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They are
caught with the help of fishing nets from fishing boats in areas where there are large schools of fish
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INLAND FISHERIES:Fresh water sources include rivers, ponds, streams, canals, reservoirs, brackish water
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Fish farming , both capture &
culture , done in such water bodies is called AQUACULTURE
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Both local & imported varieties of fish can be used in such systems
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The species are selected on
the basis of their feeding habits
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Good quality seeds (ie- organisms used for reproduction) are not available
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BEE -KEEPING/APICULTURE

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Improvement in food resources
September 25, 2015

Honey is widely used & other products of bee-keeping are bee wax, bee venom, jelly
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Common species of indigenous honey beeApis cerana indica- Indian bee
Apis dorsata- Rock bee
Apis florae- Little bee
An exotic (foreign) Italian variety domesticated in India is- Apis mellifera
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IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS FOR GOOD QUALITY & YIELD OF HONEY1
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Quantity of pasturage
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The live
stock enterprises are complementary to crop production; so as to provide a balance and productive
system of farming
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In mixed farming cow and buffaloes are included with crop production
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The scope of mixed farming to combination of crops and their complementary livestock enterprises
of mixed farming would certainly include a vast majority of our farms, establishing a complementary
relationship between crop and livestock enterprises
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It offers highest return on farm business, as the byproducts of farm are properly utilized
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It provides work throughout year
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Efficient utilization of land, labor, equipment and other resources
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The crop by products such as straw, bus, fodder etc
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September 25, 2015

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In India the livestock is much closed connected with agriculture because animal power is the main
source of power in agriculture
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Disadvantages:
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Required of Mixed Farming:
i) Complicated management practices
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iii) Good cattle in suitable number
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v) Marketing facilities
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Answer the following
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plants which are grown and cared in the fields to serve as food or as a source of any food product, and
harvested seasonally are called crop plants
Food crops are classified into two types based on the season of cultivation or harvesting, namely;
(a) Kharif crops: - They are raised in rainy seasons and harvested at the end of monsoon season
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Ex: - Paddy
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What is hybridization? Mention its different types
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The different types of hybridization are:a) Interrarietal hybridization
b) Interspecific hybridization
c) Intergenetic hybridization
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Polyploid plants are bigger in size and show greater genetic variability
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What is induced mutation? How is it caused?

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The technique of changing the genotype of plants is called induced mutation
It is caused by radiations or by certain chemicals
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What is tissue culture? what are its advantages?
The technique of growing an entire plant from a single cell or a tissue under aseptic laboratory conditions id
called tissue culture
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b) Tissue culture is also used for propagating crop and forest plants
c) Tissue culture is also used for developing disease – free plants
d) Tissue culture is used particularly, for the extraction of many useful metabolites
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What are transgenic plants? What are their relative merits and demerits?
A specific gene responsible for a desired trait is selected and introduced directly into the new plant variety
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The socio – economic impacts and distributions of benefits from transgene has been stimulated on the merits
and demerits of genetic engineering of crop plants and that serious damage can be done to the cellular tissue
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What is hydroponics? Make a list of its advantages
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d) There will be no weeds to remove
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b) It improves air quality due to increased absorption of carbon dioxide
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On the basis of their utility, livestock can be grouped as follows:a) Milk yielding animals – Cow
b) Meat and egg yielding animals – Fowl
c) Animals for agriculture and transportation – Bullocks
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a) Indigenous breeds – Sindhi, Sahiwal
b) Exotic breeds – Jersey, Holstein

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Improvement in food resources

c) Cross breeds – Karan Swiss, Karan fries
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The animals containing foreign genes from different species are called transgenic animals
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They are classified as Natural additives, Manmade additives, Artificial additives, Antioxidants, Colorants, Flavor
ants and sweeteners
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Name the following
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A chemical, used to induce polyploidy
Colchicine
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Mutagens
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Recombinant DNA Technology
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Vector DNA
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Food Additives
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Preservatives

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Improvement in food resources

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Totipotency
III
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raised in rainy season

i
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Harvested at the end of monsoon

ii
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INTER SPECIFIC HYBRIDISATION AND INTERGENERIC HYBRIDISATION
Inter specific hybridization

Inter generic hybridization

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Crossing is done between two plants of
species
related genera
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The plant produced as a result of i
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mutation
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HYDROPONICS AND AEROPONICS
HYDROPONICS

AEROPONICS

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Growing plants where the roots of a plant are
solution in water without soil
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Crossing of the male and female i
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breed of same species
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ANTIOXIDANT AND COLOURANT
ANTIOXIDANT

COLOURANT

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foul smell
of food or add a new colour
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Give reasons for the following
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Hydroponic and aeroponic methods are important for space research organizations
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It is because mist is easier to handle in zero-gravity situations, than a liquid
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Food additives play a major role in increasing the shelf life and nature of food
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Polyploid has both advantages and limitations
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So it is both advantages and limitations
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Addition of artificial food additives should be minimized
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Therefore addition of artificial food additives
should be minimized
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Fill in the blanks:
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Triticale is a new variety of plant produced by cross breeding of wheat plant and rye plant
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Commonly used technique in plant breeding is hybridization
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Improvement in food resources

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Bt cotton b
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Money plant d
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Answer the following questions:
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What is the purpose of crossing two plants in conventional breeding?
The aim of crossing two closely related plants is to combine the favorable traits from both the plants and
eliminate their unwanted traits
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What are qualitative improvements brought in the following ‘genetically modified plants?
a
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Golden rice
c
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Corn
a
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Golden rice – vitamin A enriched
c
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Corn – Herbicide resistant
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Improving the growth rate
ii
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Improving the quality of product
iv
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AssignmentQ1
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Name two cattle breeds which show excellent resistance of diseases
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Mention two signs of a healthy animal
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Name any two local varieties of bees that are used for commercial honey production in India
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How is the use of manures beneficial for our environment?
Q6
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Q7
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What are the main elements of animal husbandry?
Q9
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Write the modes by which insects affect the crop yield
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Why is excess use of fertilizers detrimental for the environment?
Q12
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Q13
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What is green manure?

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