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Biochemistry
Inorganic compound
• do not contain carbon, non living things
• water, sand, soil, rock, salts, ammonia
Organic Compounds
• containing carbon, derived from living
things
• carbon readily will form 4 covalent
bonds to be stable (valence is 4)
• responsible for a great variation among
living things
• bonds mostly with hydrogen-forming
hydrocarbons (important fuels)
• also bonds frequently with nitrogen and
oxygen
Monomer -compound with a few repeated carbon units
...
►
They are:
1
...
Proteins
3
...
Nucleic Acids
1) Carbohydrates- organic macromolecules that are
used to supply energy and also aid in cell
structure
...
-
makes up plant cell walls, helps give a plant cell
its sturdy structure
...
glucose, fructose, galactose
C6H12O6
isomers: same molecular formula different
arrangement
can be straight chained or ringed
Disaccharides
• double sugar
• two monosaccharides covalently
bonded together
• fructose + glucose = sucrose
• examples: maltose, lactose
Polysaccharides
• 3 or more monosaccharides
• forms complex carbohydrates
• very long chain of sugars
• for storage
• starch, cellulose, glycogen
Why do plants & animals store
carbohydrates in such large
macromolecules?
• glucose - small, very soluble, leaks out
of cell
• larger molecules are less soluble,
cannot pass easily through plasma
membrane
• easy to break down macromolecules
into simple sugars
2) Lipids- fats, oils, & waxes
-
not soluble in water
...
ex: hemoglobin, muscle actin, lysozyme, DNA
polymerase
• enzymatic forms make biochemistry occur in
cells
• 20 different amino acids
• many amino acids together form a polypeptide
• all have similar chemical structure but different
“R” groups
amino
group
carboxyl group
Enzymes
• biological catalysts, speeds up a
reaction
• does not change reaction
• lowers the activation energy,
minimum energy required for action to
occur
• very specific, lock and key
• they enhance the rate of reaction between
biomolecules, making a reaction occur more quickly
In enzyme catalyzed reactions, reactants are called
substrates
...
competitive inhibition
• an inhibitor binds temporarily to the
active site
• enzyme function is disabled
non competitive inhibition
• inhibitor binds to
another site on the
enzyme away from
the active site
•
•
changes shape
enzyme no longer
fits substrates
4) Nucleic Acids- store coded information in cells
in the form of DNA and RNA for making
proteins
DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid- found in all cells,
makes up our genetic material and controls all
cell activity