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Gen  Bio  Exam  1  
Evolution  &  Assorted  Things  
1
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Predicted  that  cells  would  appear  spontaneously  in  a  nutrient  broth  as  well  as  if  
the  broth  is  exposed  to  preexisting  cells  (you  die  in  the  woods,  maggots  cover  
your  body)
...
Lamarck  
a
...
1st  one  to  propose  that  a  changing  environment  (not  divine  intervention)  is  
what  causes  an  organism  to  alter  its  behavior
...
Organisms  are  endowed  with  a  “vital  force”  which  propelled  them  towards  
perfection
...
Experimental  evidence  refuted  his  hypothesis
...
Early  thinkers  who  influenced  Darwin  
a
...
Populations  increase  exponentially  
1
...
Food  supplies  increase  geometrically  
1
...
Charles  Lyell  
i
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Features  developed  over  great  lengths  of  time  via  volcanic  activity,  
erosion,  glaciation,  etc
...
The  earth  is  very  old  
4
...
Air  contained  the  vital  essence  for  microbial  life  to  originate  
i
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Discovered  objects  resembling  plant  spores  
iii
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Concluded  it  was  these  objects  which  caused  the  broth  to  turn  turbid  
b
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Placed  nutrient  broth  in  flasks  
ii
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Flasks  remained  opened  to  air  
iii
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no  growth  observed  
c
...
How  did  Darwin’s  trip  influence  his  formulation  of  the  Theory  of  Natural  Selection?  
a
...
Populations  of  organisms  could  potentially  far  outstrip  their  resources  
(competition)  
c
...
)  with  a  very  different  prehistoric  
env
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Changing  environments  cause  populations  to  change  (selective  breeding)  
e
...
Wanted  to  explain  the  variation  he  had  seen  in  his  journeys  
ii
...
 
iii
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4  tenants  of  natural  selection  
a
...


Overproduction:  reproduction  can  cause  the  population  to  increase  
geometrically  (or  even  exponentially)  over  time  
c
...
Tied  to  the  notion  of  a  carrying  capacity  of  the  env
...
Leads  to  increased  competition  
d
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 are  more  likely  to  survive  and  reproduce
...
Differences  b/w  homologous  &  analogous  features  
a
...
Analogous  features:  
c
...
Mammals  who  eat  ants  &  termites  
Biology  &  the  study  of  life  
1
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living  organisms  are  composed  of  cells  
i
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Biological  growth:  increase  in  the  size  of  cells,  number  of  cells,  or  both  
c
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Regulate  metabolism  processes  
i
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Essential  to  nutrition,  growth  and  repair  of  cells,  and  conversion  of  
energy  
iii
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Homeostasis  (internal  regulation)  –  it  would  be  very  costly  to  an  
organism  if  their  biological  processes  were  unregulated  (energy  
would  be  lost  and  wasted)  
e
...
 
(respond  to  changes  in  light,  temp,  pressure,  sound,  chemicals,  etc)  
f
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Reproduction:  majority  of  life  on  earth  employs  asexual  reproduction,  often  via  
binary  fission  (also  can  use  fragmentation,  cloning,  etc)  
h
...
How  are  biological  systems  organized?  
a
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Tissues:  aggregation  of  cells  w/  a  common  function  
c
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Organ  systems  
e
...
 
f
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Ecosystem:  a  community  and  the  env
...
how  is  information  transferred  in  an  organism?  
a
...
 
b
...
 Genes  specify  instructions  for  
making  every  living  organism  
i
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Cell-­‐to-­‐cell  communication  is  a  complex  process  called  cell  signaling  
d
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What  is  the  basic  unifying  theory  in  biology?  
a
...
What  is  the  scientific  method?  
a
...
Experiment  
c
...

e
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What  are  the  basic  parts  of  an  atom  &  what  do  they  do?  
a
...
Neutron:  neutral  
c
...
Nucleus:  contains  protons  &  neutrons  
e
...
What  is  an  isotope?  
a
...
 mass)  
3
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Determined  by  #  of  electrons  
 
i
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If  #  of  electrons  =  #  of  protons  then  charge  =  0  
c
...
Etc
...
The  octet  rule  
a
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By  sharing  electrons  w/  other  atoms  
ii
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By  gaining  electrons  to  become  a  negatively-­‐charged  ion  
5
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Covalent:  when  two  atoms  share  one  or  more  pairs  of  electrons  
 
1
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Nonpolar  covalent:  equal  sharing  
3
...
Single  bond:  when  one  electron  pair  is  shared  
1
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Double  bond:  when  two  electron  pairs  are  shared  
1
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Triple  bond:  when  three  electron  pairs  are  shared  
1
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Ionic  bond:  opposite  charges  hold  together  two  ions,  usually  in  a  lattice  
configuration  
i
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Hydrogen  bond:  bond  that  exists  b/w  two  polar  molecules  
i
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NOT  a  bond  b/w  two  hydrogen  atoms!  
6
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The  hydrogen  bond  in  water  is  to  strong  
7
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The  making  &  breaking  of  bonds  
b
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No  change  in  #  or  identity  of  any  atoms  involved  
d
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What  do  we  mean  when  we  call  something  a  nutrient?  
a
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Environmental  conditions  often  affect  type  and  rates  of  metabolism  
b
...
C,  O,  H,  N,  S,  P  
1
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Ca,  Mg,  Fe  
1
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Micronutrient  (trace  elements):  needed  in  very  minute  amounts  
i
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Typically  needed  in  small  quantities  that  trace  contaminants  in  the  env
...
 
iii
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Elevated  levels  may  prove  toxic/  harmful  
9
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 Heterotrophs  
a
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Many  microbes,  plants  
ii
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Many  different  photosynthetic  pigments  (in  plastids)  used  to  capture  
sunlight  of  various  wavelengths  
iv
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Heterotrophs:  use  reduced,  preformed  organic  molecules  
i
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Nutritional  requirements  may  change  based  on  environmental  conditions  
10
...
Passive  diffusion:  process  by  which  molecules  move  from  and  area  of  high  to  low  
concentration  
i
...
Requires  a  large  concentration  gradient  
1
...
Facilitated  diffusion:  carrier  aided  diffusion  
i
...
Much  greater  rate  of  diffusion  over  strict  passive  diffusion  
iii
...
Smaller  concentration  gradient  is  required  for  significant  uptake  of  
molecules  
v
...
Active  transport:  the  use  of  metabolic  energy  to  bring  in  molecules  against  a  
concentration  gradient
...
Energy-­‐dependent  process  
ii
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Concentrates  molecules  inside  cell  
iv
...
why  is  Carbon  (C)  so  often  employed  in  biological  systems  as  the  primary  atom?  
a
...
What  types  of  bonds  does  C  typically  form?  
a
...
Straight  chains  
c
...
Rings  
3
...
Consist  only  of  one  carbon  &  hydrogen  
b
...
Energetically  very  stable  and  efficient  and  thus  quite  valuable  
i
...
Good  way  to  store  energy  for  later  use  
d
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Nonpolar  molecules  (mostly)  
f
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(fats  are  partially  hydrocarbons)  
4
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5
...


7
...


9
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Structural  isomers:  differ  in  covalent  arrangement  of  their  atoms  
c
...
Usually  around  a  double  bond  
What  do  we  mean  when  we  talk  about  functional  groups?  
a
...
Provides  polarity  or  charge  
ii
...
Are  transferred  as  a  group  during  chemical  reactions  
b
...
Primary  groups:  
i
...
Large,  covalently-­‐bonded  structures  that  cells  utilize  or  create  
b
...
Ex:  proteins  are  macromolecules  that  are  made  of  monomeric  amino  acids  
ii
...
One  molecule  provides  an  –OH  while  the  other  provides  –H  
2
...
Energy  is  required  
iii
...
Water  is  added  across  a  covalent  bond  to  generate  a  shortened  
polymer  &  a  monomer  
2
...
Required  for  passage  of  monomers  into  cells  
What  is  a  lipid?  
a
...
Composed  of  fats  and  oils  
c
...
Energy  store  due  to  large  number  of  bonds  
e
...
Saturated  v  unsaturated  
i
...
Tighter  packing  of  lipid  molecules  
2
...
Unsaturated:  possess  double  bonds  in  the  tails  
1
...
Plant  &  fish  oils  
iii
...
Amphipathic:  hydrophilic  and  hydrophobic  at  opposite  ends  of  structure  
What  is  cholesterol?  
a
...
Present  in  plasma  membranes  
c
...
Precursors  for  other  steroids  
Amino  acids  
a
...
All  contain  an  amine  group  (N)  
c
...
20ish  amino  acids  
i
...
some  are  polar  (don’t  like  water),  some  are  nonpolar  (like  water)  
f
...
how  are  proteins  assembled?  
a
...
May  be  extensively  linked  
c
...
Enzyme  catalysts:  fits  snuggly  around  chemicals  and  stress  bonds  which  catalyze  
reactions  
e
...
Transport:  
g
...
Motion:  muscle  proteins  (actin,  myosin)  
i
...
Storage:  nutrients  in  seeds  
k
...
Primary  structure:  the  specific  amino  acids  and  sequence  of  a  polypeptide  
1
...
Secondary:  hydrogen  bonding  b/w  amino  and  carboxyl  groups  in  a  
polypeptide  
1
...
B-­‐pleated  sheet:  H-­‐bonds  b/w  sections  of  the  polypeptide  that  are  
parallel  
iii
...
Determined  by  folding  nonpolar  amino  acids  into  the  interior  of  the  
protein  
2
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Amino  acids  that  are  far  apart  in  the  primary  sequence  may  
interact  
iv
...
Hydrophobic  interactions  
2
...
Ionic  bonds  
4
...
Quaternary:  
1
...
Each  polypeptide  is  called  a  subunit  
3

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