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August 31 and September 3, 2015
BIO 230
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Klika

Biology
•

Biology = bios (living/life) + logos (study of)
The study of life and living organisms
•
Branches of biology include:
•
ANATOMY
•
Ana (up) + tomy (to cut); to cut up or dissect
The science of form/structure of living organisms
• human anatomy: the study of external and internal structures of the human
body, and the physical relationship between body parts
...
Neuro- = nerve
2
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Chrondro- = cartilage
4
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Glu/gly- = sugar
6
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Cyto- = cell
8
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-lemma = membrane
2
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-blast = primitive cell
4
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-genesis = synthesis/build
6
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-malacia = softening
8
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1
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Regional anatomy
3
...

Smallest living units of the body; the basic structural and functional units of the body
•
Tissue
3
...

A group of tissues that perform a specific function (e
...
, heart, liver)
•
Organ system
5
...
g
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All systems together
•
*Memorize all organ systems and their functions*
1
...
Responsiveness-ability to adapt to change in environment
Irritability – ability to change in immediate environment
•
Adaptability – ability to make long lasting changes
•
2
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Reproduction
Create subsequent generations
•
4
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) and external (moving through space)
•
5
...
Anabolism = Ana (up) + ballien (throw)
- synthesis of complex from simple
(e
...
, anabolic steroids)
2
...
g
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2
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4
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Define biology and differentiate between the branches of biology known as anatomy and physiology
Begin study of the etymology of anatomical terms (e
...
, root words, prefixes, and suffixes)
Understand the spectrum of the levels of organization from microscopic to macroscopic anatomy;
identify the major levels of organization in living organisms
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Anatomical position

Feet flat and spread apart, lying on back, hands facing up (anteriorly)

Know the overview language of anatomy

Anatomical landmarks
• Ex: oris, patella, hallux, umbilicus
Body regions
• Cephalic-are of head
• Cervical- area of neck
• Thoracic-chest
• brachium- segment of upper limb closest to trunk; the arms
• antebreachium-forearm
• carpal-wrist
• Manual-hand
• abdominal-abdomen
• pelvic-the pelvis
• pubic-anterior pelvis
• inguinal- groin (crease between thigh and trunk
• lumbar-lower back
• gluteal-buttock
• femoral-thigh
• patellar-knee cap
• crural-leg, from knee to ankle
• tarsal- ankle
• pedal-foot
• sole-plantar region of foot
Directional terminology and anatomical direction
• Cranial-towards head
• Caudal-towards feet
• posterior or dorsal-near back
• Anterior or ventral-near front
• Lateral-away from midline
• Medial-towards midline
• proximal-situated nearer to the center of the body or the point of attachment
...

• superior-above, at high level
• inferior-below, at a lower level
• superficial- near or at body surface
• deep-toward interior of body, farther from surface
Planes

• Sagittal- splits body into right and left
• Transverse- splits body into top and bottom
• Frontal-splits body into superior and inferior
Body cavities-Use diagram 1
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Tissue types
1
...
Connective
3
...
Nervous
-Bones have matrix in them that make them hard
Epithelial
Polarity of epithelial- Apical and basal surfaces have uneven distribution of organelles
Arrangement of epithelial
• Stratified-in sheets, more than one layer
• Simple-1 layer
• The more specialized the function, the harder it is to regenerate cells
• control permeability
• Innervation-branching of nerve fibers
• endothelia lines heart and blood vessels, one layer of epithelium, accumulated with heart
disease, knocking causes build up
• Squamos epithelia- most important function is controls vessel permeability
• Two categories of epithelial- membranous and granular, which split up into endocrine and
exocrine
• Salivary (exocrine gland)
• ASE is always an enzyme
• CHO is a carbohydrate

• Sebaceous glands- reason why hair gets oily
• Mammary-apocrine secretions
Connective
Splits up into blood and lymph
• Lymph- fluid in lymphatic tissue
• Blast cell- makes new cells
• Fibroblast makes fibrocyte
• Collagen found in tendons and ligaments
• Difference between tendons and ligaments: tendon connects muscle to bone and ligaments
attach bone to bone



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