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BIO 230
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Osteocytes = mature cells
• Directs the release of calcium from bone to blood
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Osteoprogenitor cells
• Found on inner and outer surfaces of bones
• Divide and differentiate to form new osteoblasts
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• Collagen fibers spiral along the length of the lamellae in opposite pattern
• A series of concentric rings (lamellae) form around the central canal (Haversian canal)
• Perforating canals (Volkmann’s canal) extend roughly perpendicular to the surface of the bone
• Circumferential lamellae form the outer and inner surface of the shaft
Osteon
Central canal (Haversian canal)
Perforating canals (Volkmann’s canals)
Lamellae
Osteocytes
Lacunae
Canaliculi

Spongy

• Honeycomb structure
• Light/branching structure = strength
• Contain lamellae

Edosteum (internal)
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•
•
•
•

Lines the medullary cavity
Contains osteoprogenitor cells
Covers trabeculae, lines inner surface of central/perforating canals
Active during growth & repair of bone
One cell layer thick and is incomplete (bone matrix is exposed)

Blood supply

• Nutrient artery and vein
• Periosteal vessels
• Metaphyseal vessels

Anatomy of the skeletal bones

• 206 major bones, divided into six categories according to their shape
1
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Flat bones
3
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Irregular bones
5
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Sesamoid bones
7
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g
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g
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• Immoveable or slightly moveable joints tend to be in the axial skeleton
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Classifications of joints

• Based on function and structure
Functional Classification of joints
(range from immovable to freely movable)
1
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3
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2
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Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Structural classification

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•
•
•

Bony fusion
Fibrous joint
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Synarthroses (immovable joints)
• Sutures

kid’s skull is made more with cartilage while adults have a harder surface

Amphiarthroses (slightly movable joints)

•found only in the
skull
•Gomphosis
•between tooth &
alveolar fossa
•Synchondrosis
•epiphyseal plate
(growth plate or
epiphyseal line)
between diaphyses
and epiphyses
•Synostosis
•bones fused
together to form
one bone (frontal
bones)
•Synostosis is a
sutural joint that is
present during
growth of the skull
•This sutural joint
becomes
completely
ossified in the
adult
•Given this
information, are
fractures of the
skull more
common in
children or adults?
Explain your
answer
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Sensory nerves and blood vessels-we get blood vessels for nutrients for helpful for injury
1
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3
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5
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• Nourishes the chondrocytes by entering and exiting the articular cartilages due to the forces acting
on the joint
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• Joints can repair but it takes a very long time to repair after injury

Accessory Structures

• Pads of cartilage or fat
• Menisci
• Fat pads
• Ligaments
• Intracapsular ligaments-inside capsule to hold bones together themselves (ACL, PCL)
• Extracapsular ligaments
• Tendons
• Not part of joint itself
• Bursae
• Fluid-filled pockets

Types of movement
• Three primary types of movement
• LINEAR
• ANGULAR
• ROTATION

Linear Movement

• Gliding
• Two opposing surfaces slide past one another
• Movement can occur in almost any direction
• Amount of movement is minimal
• Examples:
• Intercarpal joints-fingers and toes
• Sternoclavicular- Clavicle articulating with the sternum (manubrium)

Angular Movement

• Abduction(away from midline) and Adduction(bring back towards midline)
• Movement away/toward the longitudinal axis (midline) of the body in the frontal plane
• Always refers to movements of the appendicular skeleton
• Fingers abduction and adduction different (spreading them)
• Flexion and Extension
• Movement in the sagittal plane that reduces/increases the angle between the articulating elements
• Hyperextension is a term applied to any movement where a limb is extended beyond its
normal limits (or anatomical position)
• Circumduction (special angular movement)
• Moving limb in a loop or circular motion

Rotational Movement

• Inward and Outward Rotation
• The anterior aspect of the limb rotated inward/outward
• Other names:
• Inward = medial = internal
• Outward = lateral = external
• Examples:
• Proximal radioulnar joint (pronation & supination)-arm bone
• Atlantoaxial joint (rotation of the head)-C1 and C2 of cervical location of spine
• Protuberance of C2 called the dens

Special Movements

• Movements that occur at specific articulations or unusual movements
• Eversion and Inversion
• Turns sole of foot outward/inward
• Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion
• Ankle flexion/extension; bringing toes toward anterior surface of lower leg/pointing toes
• Protraction and Retraction
• Moving a part anteriorly/posteriorly in a horizontal plane
• Elevation and Depression
• Moving a part superiorly/inferiorly in the frontal plane
Subtypes of synovial joints (functional classification)
• Gliding-Nonaxial
• Hinge-uniaxial
• Pivot-Uniaxial
• Condylar-biaxial
• Ellipsiod-biaxial

• Saddle-multiaxial
• Ball-and-Socket-multiaxial

Diathrodial Articulations by movement
NONAXIAL
1
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Hinge
2
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Condyloid
2
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Ball-and-socket
2

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