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Title: Homeostasis
Description: The notes are an overall outlook onto homeostasis and feedback loops serrated into three case studies. Case study one focuses just on feedback loops, case study 2 does the same but within animals and case study three is an analysis of diabetes. The notes would be aimed for student completing senior school (10-12) and are useful to extract notes from. A bibliography is already provided and the addition of intent referencing
Description: The notes are an overall outlook onto homeostasis and feedback loops serrated into three case studies. Case study one focuses just on feedback loops, case study 2 does the same but within animals and case study three is an analysis of diabetes. The notes would be aimed for student completing senior school (10-12) and are useful to extract notes from. A bibliography is already provided and the addition of intent referencing
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TOPIC: Keeping the balance
Case Study 1: Feedback loops and how they link within the body
Numerous of
molecular and
physiological
processes in the
body are
controlled by
what is known as
a feedback loop
...
They work
through a
“looping’
process
...
A stimulus produces a change in a variable within the body, the change is
detected by the receptor
...
Output then sends the information,
along an efferent path, from the control centre to the effector where a response
from the effector balances out the original stimulus to maintain homeostasis
...
In biology, there are two feedback loops
...
[NA/2016] Negative feedback is by far the most common of the
two
...
When a variable changes in the
body to make the temperature rise or fall, or a change in persons blood glucose
concentration, this triggers the process that then counteracts the body’s change
...
For example, “When blood sugar rises, insulin sends a signal to the
liver, muscles and other cells to store the excess glucose
...
When certain variables in the body change,
positive feedback loops acts to exacerbate and amplify it
...
Positive feedback
commonly will occur during a women’s pregnancy or the causes of a stroke
...
It is a
steroid hormone,
released by the Corpus Lutem
...
It causes the
endometrium (lining of the uterus) to ‘secrete special proteins throughout the
second half of the menstrual cycle, where from there it prepares to receive and
nourish an implanted fertilized egg
...
’ [2016 National Women's Health
Resource Center,]
If a fertilized egg is implanted within the endometrium, progesterone is then
produced in the placenta and the levels remain elevated throughout the duration
of the pregnancy
...
Progesterone plays a key role in feedback loop
...
Oestrogen then
stimulates the release of LH (luteinizing hormone), which turns in turn
controls, the production of progesterone
...
[Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2016]
...
Progesterone
levels remain high unless
the egg goes unfertilized,
in which case the egg is
re-‐absorbed and
progesterone levels fall
...
This turning
point almost always occurs 14 days after ovulation
...
0
58
...
5
5
...
5
78
...
5
15
...
5
24
...
0+5
...
5
Water losses= 46
...
5+15
...
5
Water gains-‐ water losses = -‐2
Mammal 2:
Water gains= 58
...
5= 63
...
5+15
...
5= 118
...
From this given data, mammal is best
adapted to living in the dry environment due to it only requiring 2mL of water to
obtain a sufficient water level in comparison to Mammal 2’s 55mL
...
The data shows that mammal 1 loses most of it’s water through
evaporation, 46
...
5mL
...
5mL but 2 loses 15
...
Mammal 1 loses
15
...
5mL
...
The kidneys of a desert mammal must have a longer loops of Henle to make the
animals’ urine as concentrated as possible and to limit the amount of water and
salt they loose in order to keep their bodies hydrated whilst living in such hot
conditions
...
As urine enters the descending loop, the loop's penetrable
walls absorb water
...
” [faculty
...
Desert Mammal; requires a small glomerus due to its lack of nutrients in tis
environment
...
With a lack of water, the animal would benefit from a long proximal convoluted
tubule and distal tubule as this allows the animal to reabsorb more water
...
With a lack of water, the animal would benefit from a long
proximal convoluted tubule and distal tubule as this allows the animal to
reabsorb more water
...
Due to the animal being in freshwater a
short proximal convoluted tubule and distal tubule is required
...
In analysing the data
and the graph’s trend, it is evident to see the frog leaves the water in days 90-‐92
as the data shows a significant decrease in ammonia found in its excretory
material
...
For the tadpole to live comfortable within the water, it must excrete ammonia
...
Ammonia is the by-‐
product of protein metabolism and is realised through the gills into the water
...
Another suggestion for the decrease of ammonia may be due to the size of the
tadpole’s kidney changing as it grows into a frog
...
The tadpole
excreted ammonia as the glomerulus in its nephrons are small
...
When the tadpole
becomes a frog and it’s glomeruli is larger, their excretory material is filtered
more and therefore more water is present
...
Without a sufficient amount of insulin, glucose builds up
...
Type 1 ( insulin dependent) , Type 2 (non
insulin dependent) and Gestational Diabetes (occurs through pregnancy )
...
Dr Lesley Russel, gave an insight to this
epidemic stating “ the Australian public needed to be made much more fearful of
the consequences of obesity and diabetes
...
5 million people in
Australia had diabetes and 2 million had pre-‐diabetes
...
That’s estimated as one person every five minutes
...
7 million
Australians have diabetes
...
2
million known and registered) as well as silent, undiagnosed type 2 diabetes (up
to 500,000 estimated)
...
diabetesaustralia/2015] The WHO projects that diabetes
will be the 7th leading cause of death by 2030
...
Taking into
consideration the genetic predisposition of a person, the prevention techniques
may differ for each person
...
[Polonsky,2001] In type 2 diabetes, the
pancreatic cells become progressively less able to secrete sufficient insulin to
maintain normal carbohydrate and lipid homeostasis
...
Many studies show that lifestyle changes, such as losing weight, eating
healthy and increasing physical activity can dramatically reduce the progression
of type 2 diabetes and are important to controlling type 1 diabetes
...
[American Heart Association,2016] In many instances, lifestyle
changes must be complemented by a regimen of medication to then control
blood glucose levels, high blood pressure and cholesterol
...
With the overall
rate of obesity increasing,
this is making people more
susceptibility to developing
diabetes
...
More than two thirds
of people with diabetes in
Africa are undiagnosed,
Every 1 in 8 in the North
America and Caribbean
Region has diabetes, Europe
has the highest prevalence of
children living with type 1 diabetes, In South East Asia, one quarter of all births
are affected by high blood glucose in pregnancy, 37% of all adults with diabetes
live in the Western Pacific, In the Middle East and North Africa, four out of ten
adults with diabetes are undiagnosed and By 2014, the number of people with
diabetes will increase by 65% in South and Central America [International
Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas Key Findings/2015]
...
With this major increase of diabetes on
an international scale, it is capable of coming to the conclusion of diabetes being
a worldwide issue
...
Type 2 diabetes
can be reversed with a change in lifestyle, in accordance to Medical Express
...
When
teaching Australian public about the prevalence and management of diabetes,
the topic of alcohol and tobacco consumption should be discussed in relation too
not in taking any of the substances
...
Bibliography:
Evidence_Brief_Obesity_Prevalence_Trends_Australia PDF:
Australian Health Survey (also known as National Health Survey) 2011-12
http://www
...
gov
...
nsf/home/australian+health+s
urvey
Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey 2012-13
http://www
...
gov
...
nsf/Lookup/4727
...
55
...
health
...
gov
...
html
NSW Population Health Survey 2010
http://www
...
nsw
...
au/surveys/adult/Pages/adult_results
...
health
...
gov
...
htm
Queensland Self Reported Health Status 2011-12
http://www
...
qld
...
au/epidemiology/documents/srhs-localgovarea2011-2012
...
oecd
...
htm
Diabetes globally
...
Diabetes globally
...
diabetesaustralia
...
au/diabetes-globally
...
Diabetes (AIHW)
...
Diabetes (AIHW)
...
aihw
...
au/diabetes/
...
Diabetes in Australia
...
Diabetes in Australia
...
diabetesaustralia
...
au/diabetes-in-australia
...
Examples of Negative Feedback
...
Examples of Negative Feedback
...
yourdictionary
...
html
...
BBC - GCSE Bitesize Science - Life goes on : Revision, Page 5
...
BBC GCSE Bitesize Science - Life goes on : Revision, Page 5
...
bbc
...
uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/triple_ocr_gateway/the_l
iving_body/life_goes_on/revision/5/
...
Genetics of Diabetes and Its Complications
...
Genetics of Diabetes and
Its Complications
...
asnjournals
...
full#ref-7
...
Prevention & Treatment of Diabetes
...
Prevention & Treatment of
Diabetes
...
heart
...
jsp#
...
[Accessed 20 March
2016]
...
2016
...
[ONLINE] Available at:
http://www
...
org/condition/progesterone
...
Positive and Negative Feedback
...
Positive and Negative Feedback
...
mheducation
...
html
...
WHO | Diabetes
...
WHO | Diabetes
...
who
...
[Accessed 20 March
2016]
...
2016
...
[ONLINE] Available at:
http://medicalxpress
...
html
...
Annotated Bibliographies:
1
...
2016
...
[ONLINE] Available at:
http://www
...
gov
...
[Accessed 20 March 2016]
...
The article gave a detailed
description into why diabetes is a growing epidemic and gave past and present
data to back up their thesis of the statement being true
...
It
gave many doctors opinions making it useful to reference within the assignment
...
Validity of source:
This source was considered to be valid
...
With the use of
referencing doctor’s opinions in the source, it makes the validity easier to believe
as there are expert opinions within the source
...
Reference:
WHO | Diabetes
...
WHO | Diabetes
...
who
...
[Accessed 20 March
2016]
...
Description of Usefulness:
The information was useful to discuss what each of the diabetes types are and
the prevalence of them
...
It was published in 2015 making it very
recent
...
3
...
2016
...
[ONLINE] Available at:
http://medicalxpress
...
html
...
Outline of the Article:
Gives an outline to how type 2 diabetes can be prevented and reversed with
correct diet and lifestyle
...
It was published in 2016 making it very
recent
...
With this, it makes it vert
evident the website is based to take about the body and medical topics
...
Reference:
Genetics of Diabetes and Its Complications
...
Genetics of Diabetes and
Its Complications
...
asnjournals
...
full#ref-7
...
Outline of the Article:
Gives an outline to how genetics can effect a person chances of developing
diabetes and discusses options to keep diabetes under control
Description of Usefulness:
The information was useful to discuss the prevalence of diabetes and ways onto
making sure diabetes either doesn’t get worse of doesn’t occur at all as well as
include genetic preposition
...
It was published in 2016 making it very
recent
...
With this, it implies that it
discuss different topics for study
5
...
2016
...
[ONLINE] Available at:
https://www
...
com
...
[Accessed 20
March 2016]
...
Description of Usefulness:
The information was useful to discuss the overall topic of diabetes and to help
provide present data detail on diabetes
...
It was published in 2016 making it very
recent
...
5
...
2016
...
[ONLINE] Available at:
https://www
...
com
...
[Accessed 20
March 2016]
...
It gave
insight into the diabetes rates in other countries
Description of Usefulness:
The information was useful to compare data around the world to discover if
diabetes is a national or international epidemic
Validity of source:
This source was considered to be valid
...
The website is a well-‐known, and highly recommended site when
searching for information on diabetes, making it very valid
Title: Homeostasis
Description: The notes are an overall outlook onto homeostasis and feedback loops serrated into three case studies. Case study one focuses just on feedback loops, case study 2 does the same but within animals and case study three is an analysis of diabetes. The notes would be aimed for student completing senior school (10-12) and are useful to extract notes from. A bibliography is already provided and the addition of intent referencing
Description: The notes are an overall outlook onto homeostasis and feedback loops serrated into three case studies. Case study one focuses just on feedback loops, case study 2 does the same but within animals and case study three is an analysis of diabetes. The notes would be aimed for student completing senior school (10-12) and are useful to extract notes from. A bibliography is already provided and the addition of intent referencing