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Title: Cell Biology Pt. 1
Description: Notes on cell biology from an Anatomy and Physiology module.
Description: Notes on cell biology from an Anatomy and Physiology module.
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Cell Biology
Levels of organisation:
- Atom
- Molecule
- Macromolecule
- Organelle
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ system
- Organism
50 million millions (50 trillion) cells in human body
...
Known as the control centre of the cell
...
It is
normally located in the middle of the cell
...
The nucleoplasm is located inside the nuclear envelope
...
The chromatin granules are a mixture of DNA and histone proteins
...
Average cell size – 12 microns (micrometer)
Average nucleus size – 4-5 microns (micrometer)
There are 3 metres of DNA in each cell
...
Chromosomes are only visible when they start to replicate
...
- They occur in pairs (homologous chromosomes) in every cell of the body
except in mature sperm and egg cells
...
- One from each pair = one from the father, one from the mother
- First 22 pairs = autosomes
o Same in both males and females
- 23rd chromosome = sex chromsomes
- XX = female
- XY = male
Karyographs = photo of chromosomes which reveals karyotypes
...
- If there are any extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy)
...
Down Syndrome
Extra chromosome 21 = Down syndrome
...
- 5% have a fragment of a third chromosome at 21
...
- Occurs in 1 in 800 live births
...
- Increased risk in Down syndrome the older the mother is
...
Epicanthal folds (eyes)
Brushfields spots – accumulation of lipids in the eye
...
Patau Syndrome
-
Extra chromosome 13 – trisomy 13
...
Old-fashioned name: Cyclops
...
Missing eyes
Severe cleft palate
Occurs in 1 in 10,000 births
Condition varies in severity
...
Not normally treated – allowed to pass away – no quality of life at all
...
Turner syndrome
-
XO – female - only instance of development with missing chromosome – a
single X chromosome
...
No ovarian tissue – no ovaries – no menstruation – infertile
...
Some degree of mental impairment – generally lower IQ
More prone to mental issues in later life
Narrowing of aorta
o Could lead to left ventricular hypertrophy
...
Triplo X
-
XXX – metafemales – triplo X syndrome – super females
...
Title: Cell Biology Pt. 1
Description: Notes on cell biology from an Anatomy and Physiology module.
Description: Notes on cell biology from an Anatomy and Physiology module.