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Urbanisation
Urbanisation is the growth of the proportion of a county's population that lives
in urban areas
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As people migrate to cities the urban population increases
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They may then have
children, which further increases the urban population
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Rural-urban migration takes place because of push and pull factors
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 In
developing countries, these are usually linked to poverty
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If land
becomes unproductive it cannot provide enough food to support the
population, and people are forced to move away
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g
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If their crops fail they may be unable to pay these
loans back, and may lose their land
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If many
people are killed or injured in a war, there will be less people to work the
land and there could be food shortages
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5 Changes in land use in rural areas can drive people out, such as the
flooding or farm land when dams are built to generate hydro-electric
power
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7 High levels of local diseases and inadequate medical provision
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9 Changes to farming practices, from growing food for local people to using
lan to produce cars crops for more developed countries, possibly linked to
levels of  national debt
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1 There are more jobs available in urban areas, in manufacturing and service
industries, which are often better paid than jobs in rural areas, or from
earning money in the informal sector
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3 Other family members may have already moved to the city
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4 A perceived better quality of life in the city, fed by images in the media
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Advantages:
1 Reduced population — less mouths to feed, less provisions required
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3 Less strain on local services
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Disadvantages:
1 Ageing population — predominantly young people move
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3 Less demand for investment, reducing the likelihood of future
development
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5 Negative multiplier effect — people leave, conditions get worse, more
people leave, and so on
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g
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g
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g
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If these increased demands
cannot be met, it can lead to poor quality of life for the people living in the area
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This increased demand also
pushes up prices further
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In 2009,
there were more than 13,000 homeless people in Sao Paulo, Brazil
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The houses are often poorly built using cheap
materials
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g
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g
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4 There is often high competition for good jobs in the formal sector (where
workers receive regular wages from an employer and have set hours of
work)
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Migrants who can't find formal work may be forced work in the informal
sector, doing unskilled jobs that don't tend to pay well, offer little or no job
security and can be dangerous
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Rapid population growth increases the pressure on roads and railways,
increasing congestion and air pollution
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This can cause
tension between those who already live in the city and the 'newcomers'
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These are discussed further in the case studies for this topic; Lagos,
Mumbai, Sao Paulo and London
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g
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Improving the services available in slums, for example in Sao Paulo
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For example, in
Rio de Janerio, the $300 million Favela-Bairro project made improvements
to 73 favelas across the city, by supplying electricity and clean water, and
running adult education classes to improve adult literacy
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New services, such as daycare centres for children,
were staffed by local people, which gave them an income and an
opportunity to learn new skills
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While schemes like this can help to decrease poverty and increase quality of
life, the scale of the problems is so large that tackling it can be extremely
difficult
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Immature megacities are found in developing countries
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Growth is fed by rural-urban migration, and is so
rapid that housing, transport, education, sewer and water services cannot be
built fast enough to keep  pace with growth
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Most immature megacities are in Africa
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Consolidating megacities are also found in developing countries
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Here they can
begin to provide basic services
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Many people still work in the
informal sector
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An example
of a consolidating megacity is Mumbai, India
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They have a more developed formal economy, with large service industries
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Advanced transport, education and waste systems are in place,
and the city is managed reasonably efficiently
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An example of a
maturing megacity is Sao Paulo, Brazil
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These are stable cities with an advanced and effective
governance
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Many people have high-end professional jobs in the
large service sectors
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An example of an established megacity is London, UK

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