Notesale: Turn your study into money

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Geography:Urban Environments!

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•Why do people move into cities:!
!

-More industrial+technology, people may prefer that!
-More companies=more jobs!
-Better education!
-Better health care e
...
more hospitals etc
...
Which has a greater proportion of urban population? HICs or LICs?!
-HIC’s because:!
*Urbanisation- more people live in urban areas than in rural areas !
*More tertiary than primary!

!

2
...
g
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25 billion, where as in 2030 they are predicted to have a population of around 4
billion!
-HICs have had a slow increase in population as in 1950 they had a population of
0
...
This is because their are better paid jobs in the cities, a
better quality of living !

!

•Factors Which Affect The Rate Of Urbanisation:!
1
...
!
- Unemployment!
- Poor education and health provisions!
- Poor electricity and power supplies!
2
...
What exactly is ‘natural increase’?!
Natural increase is the overall increase of the population
...
How might the following factors affect the amount of natural increase in cities in
LICs?!

a
...
) In LICs, people often have better access to doctors and medicine in cities
...
Overall this means that the natural increase
will be higher!

!

5
...
The % urban population continues to
rise
...
Why do megacities develop:!
•Economic development: Megacities are produced and developed by a fast and
sustained rate of economic growth!
•Population growth: Megacities have large populations, hence they have grown a
lot
...
There are financial savings (economies of scale) (to be made in terms of
transport) since there is less distance within a megacity rather than a few smaller
cities
...
There will be more jobs, meaning more people will come which means
there are more people who need goods and services, which creates even more
jobs and so the cycle continues!

!

7
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!
a
...
) Governments in LICs have limited funds to spend
...
How does transport encourage suburbanisation:!
-Improved so that people can easily move between new suburbs and the town
centre, allowing the town to expand even more!
2
...
Distinguish between suburbanisation and counter-urbanisation
...
g
...
g
...
) ‘Self-help’ in Rocinha:!
The authorities have accepted the existence of the favela, meaning residents are
no longer afraid of eviction and can improve their houses and their community
facilities
...
The authorities also added electricity,
used to light up the streets and they added more water pipes
...
Unfortunately these
improvements have been restricted by the high density of housing and the steep
hillsides!
2
...
Now it is 12 metres wide and is lined
by upgraded, brightly painted buildings, as well as gardens and small plazas
...
The problem is that it is
localised as it only affects people in the area
...
) Pacification:!
The police seized control of many of Rio’s favelas
...
More than 30 favelas have been pacified and
control of Rocinha was seized from drug gangs in 2011
...
!
4
...
This meant that rent
and house prices increased by a large amount
...
) The ‘Favela-Bairro’ Project:!

It was an initiative that aimed to improve the quality of life for some of its inhabitants
by changing the favelas into proper neighbourhoods
...
Streets
have been widened so that emergency services can gain access
...
More improvements have been made to improve
sanitation, health facilities and providing sports for locals
...
However there are problems e
...

problems with maintenance as there is a lack of skills and resources!
6
...
It has been
very successful and the activities have expanded to include duration and social
programmes
...
) Rubem Braga Elevator Complex:!
Links the hillside favelas of Cantagalo and Pavao to the wealthy districts of
Ipanema and Copacabana
...
It has also become a tourist attraction
...
g
...
g
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Name five characteristic features in a CBD:!
-Restuarants!
-Offices!
-Civil Buildings!
-Shopping Centres!
-Multi-storey car parks!

!
!

!
2
...
How have each of the following factors
helped to make business the dominant
land use in the core of a typical city:!
a
...
) Accessibility:!
-Location is central, therefore closest to the highest number of people!

!

4
...
Compare and contrast the housing we would expect to find in the inner city with
the housing we would expect to find in the suburbs (6)
...
Although land values tend to decrease as we move away from the centre,
property prices will often be higher in the urban fringe than they are in the inner city
...
) In Rio, many favelas are found on the steepest slopes in and around the city
...
) Many attempts have been made over the years to explain ethnic segregation
within cities
...
!
-Internal factors encourage ethnic minorities to opt for segregation!
-External factors are actions taken by the majority of the population to encourage
ethnic segregation!
2
...
!
-Internal factors:!
*Allowing more opportunities for people to use their native language!
*Providing protection against racist abuse and attacks from members of the
majority of the population!
-External factors:!
*The majority of the population use racially motivated violence against ethnic
minorities, or fear of such violence!
*Discrimination in the job market as ethnic minorities are viewed as being less
educated and unemployed!
•The distribution of ethnic minority groups across Manchester:!
- 40-87
...
g
...
9% of ethnic minority
groups live there
...
) Describe the general pattern of wealth in Rio (where do the richest and poorest
residents tend to live)?!
-Poorer residents will live in the poorer areas e
...
favelas (older inner suburbs)!
-Richer residents will live in the richer areas e
...
CBD as the houses here are more
expensive!

!

4
...
!
- More deprivation in the North than South
...
) What are the symptoms of deprivation and poverty?!
a
...
g
...
g
...
) Give 4 characteristics of the local population in an area suffering from
deprivation and poverty
...
) Describe the effect of the following on the fortunes of inner city areas in the UK:!
a
...
) 1960s redevelopment:!
- Many old terraced houses were bulldozers and replaced by high-rise tower
blocks!
- Further segregated the poor!
- Became notorious for high crime+deprivation!
c
...
) The difficulties faced by present-day commuters:!
-Expensive and physically demanding on overloaded transport systems!

!

e
...
The Manchester/
Salford docks were Britain’s 3rd largest port and employed unto 3000 people!
-By the 1970s, trade at the docks almost disappeared because of:!
*The decline of traditional industries in NW England!
*Containerisation and an increase in the size of ships!
*Competition from other ports!
*Disruption caused by strikes in the 1960s and early 1970s!
*Shifts in trade patterns (away from North America and towards Europe and the Far
Eat)!
-Docks completely closed in 1982!

-Large sums of obey was invested into the area in order to build office blocks, flats
and houses and to clean up the water and the land around it!

!

•The regeneration:!
-The site was cleared, canals, bridges, roads, walkways and services were
constructed, trees were planted, safer equipment and street furniture were installed
and the waterways were cleaned and stocked with fish
...
!
-Private sector investment also took place, particularly in poverty development,
assisted by an economic boom in the UK at the time!

!

•The Lowry:!
-Opened in April 2000 and was designated the ‘National Landmark Millennium
Project for the Arts’
...
9 million, with £64 million coming from lottery
funding!
-Acted as a catalyst for urban regeneration, attracting other investors into the area
and ensuring that the redevelopment of the Quays would continue!
-Tourism increased in the area!
-Employs 550 people, providing an economic boost for the area as it makes 16%
more!

!
!

•MediaCityUK:!
-£650 million and 36 acres of land!
-BBC moved several departments here e
...
BBC sport, BBC Radio 5 Live and BBC
Breakfast News
...
g
...
g
...
!
-Metrolink tram system runs through Salford Quays!
•Evaluation:!

!

-Positive Outcomes:!
* Over 700 businesses which me ply more than 20,000 people, generating massive
benefits for the local and regional economy
...
7% to 4
...
Many homes are rented and
others may belong to people who need to be in Manchester/Salford to work during
the week but have a house elsewhere
...
Ordsall is a ‘typical’ inner city area with a high % of lower income
residents, a high % of unemployed residents, low school achievement and a high %
of residents living in social housing!
*In 2012, it was reported that only 26 of the 680 new jobs created by BBC had gone
to local residents
...
There have been
criticisms that early promises of ‘’15,000 new jobs” at MediaCityUK were very
misleading for local people!

!

CASE STUDY: URBAN REGENERATION AND REBRANDING IN WEST
CHELSEA AND THE MEATPACKING DISTRICT, NEW YORK:!

!

•The area used to be home t 250 slaughterhouses, meatpacking factories and
wholesalers, however de-industrialisation hit the area hard, but gentrification,
regeneration and rebranding have all haloed in reversing that decline!

!

•InterActiveCrop HQ:!
- New businesses have arrived in the area, and some striking, modern office
buildings have been constructed
...
The northern section is now a massive
sports and entertainment complex, with a golf driving range extending along the
length of Pier 59!

!

•Chelsea Market: !
-Occupies the former National Biscuit Company Factory
...
g
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Give three advantages of locating new developments in the urban fringe!
!
-Land is cheaper so houses are larger!
-Factories can be more spacious!
-New developments on the outskirts are favoured by the personal mobility allowed
by the care!

!
2
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g
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Why might building new developments on greenfield sites anger…!
a
...
) Environmentalists:!
-Habitats may be affected if construction took place!
-Nice, green, pleasant land would be ruined !

!

4
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What factors have contributed to urban growth and change in the rural-urban
fringe:!

!

- Push factors, e
...
housing is old, congested and relatively expansive, there are
various forms of pollutions!
- Pull factors e
...
land is cheaper, so houses are larger , close to main roads and
motorway, allowing quicker and easier contact!

!

6
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g
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Buildings from pervious
uses might have to be
deconstructed, adding to
the costs

Can be designed to meet May effect habitats
current+future needs

Existing infrastructure
may already be in place

Often difficult to find the
ideal site

fewer environmental
hazards

Council approval time
frames may be longer for
new sites

less work=less
expensive
More garden space

!
!
CASE STUDY OF CHANGES IN THE URBAN FRINGE:!
!
THE WILMSLOW-HANDFORTH BYPASS IN SOUTH MANCHESTER’S URBAN
FRINGE:!

!

•During 1970s and 1980s they were growing dormitory areas for Stockport and
Manchester!
•Traffic on the A34 grew steadily and the centres of Wilmslow and hand forth
became increasingly heavily congested !
•Developments in the area include:!
-Retailing:!
*John Lewis/Sainsbury’s at Cheadle Royal!
*Tesco/M&S at Handforth Dean!
*Stanley Green Retail Park near Handforth!
-Business Parks:!
*Cheadle Royal is now established as one of the UK’s finest business parks
...
Early Urbanisation!
2
...
Mature Urbanisation!
4

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